పాలపిట్ట: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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K.Venkataramana (చర్చ | రచనలు) దిద్దుబాటు సారాంశం లేదు |
K.Venkataramana (చర్చ | రచనలు) దిద్దుబాటు సారాంశం లేదు |
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{{Taxobox | name =<big>పాలపిట్ట</big><br />Indian roller
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'''పాలపిట్ట''' ([[ఆంగ్లం]] Blue jay) ఒక పక్షి. ఇది [[ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్]] రాష్టపక్షి. దీని శాస్త్రీయ నామము (''Coracias benghalensis''). ఇది "బ్లూ జై" గా కూడా పిలువబడుతుంది. ఇది రోలర్ కుటుంబమునకు చెందిన పక్షి. ఇవి ముఖ్యముగా భారత దేశంములోనూ, [[ఇరాక్]].[[థాయిలాండ్]] దేశాలలోనూ కనబడతాయి. యివి సాధారణంగా రహదారికి యిరువైపులా గల చెట్లపైన, విద్యుత్ తీగల పైన, గడ్డి భూముల పైన,పొదల లోనూ కనబడతాయి. ఇవి వలస పక్షులు కావు. కానీ కొన్ని కాలములలో చిన్న చిన్న వలసలు పోతాయి. ఈ పక్షిని [[భారత దేశం]] లోనికొన్ని రాష్ట్రములు వాటి రాష్ట్ర పక్షిగా తీసుకున్నాయి.
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==Description==
[[File:Blue Jay or The Indian Roller.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Note the large hook-tipped bill (nominate subspecies)]]
The Indian Roller is a stocky bird about 26–27 cm long and can only be confused within its range with the migratory [[European Roller]]. The breast is brownish and not blue as in the European Roller. The crown and vent are blue. The primaries are deep purplish blue with a band of pale blue. The tail is sky blue with a terminal band of [[Prussian blue]] and the central feathers are dull green. The neck and throat are purplish lilac with white shaft streaks. The bare patch around the eye is ochre in colour. The three forward toes are united at the base.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book|author=Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton |year=2005 | title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. |publisher= Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions|volume=2|pages=270}}</ref> Rollers have a long and compressed bill with a curved upper edge and a hooked tip. The nostril is long and exposed and there are long rictal bristles at the base of the bill.<ref name=baker/><ref name=whistler>{{cite book|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n342/mode/1up/
|author=Whistler, Hugh|year=1949|title=Popular handbook of Indian birds|pages=293–295|edition=4| publisher=Gurney and Jackson, London}}</ref>
[[File:CoraciasFoot.png|thumb|upright|The three forward pointing toes appear to be joined at the base]]
Three subspecies are usually recognized. The nominate form is found from [[West Asia]] ([[Iraq]], [[Arabia]]) to [[Bangladesh]] and north of the [[Vindhyas]] mountain ranges. The subspecies ''indicus'' is found in peninsular [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. The southern form has a darker reddish collar on the hind neck which is missing in the nominate form. The race ''affinis'' of northeastern India and [[Southeast Asia]] ([[Thailand]], [[Yunnan]], [[Indochina]]) is sometimes considered a full species, but within the Indian region, it is seen to [[Intergradation|intergrade]] with ''benghalensis''. The form ''affinis'' is darker, larger and has a purplish brown and unstreaked face and breast.<ref name=pcr/> It has underwing coverts in a deeper shade of blue.<ref name=baker/><ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author=Ali, S & S D Ripley| title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan|edition=2|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume= 4|year= 1983 |pages =116–120 }}</ref>
==Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:Coracias benghalensis -India -flying-8.jpg|thumb|left|In flight the bright blue, turquoise and indigo are visible.]]
The Indian roller is distributed in the [[South Asia]]n mainland but extends into [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Maldive Islands]] and into [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]] and parts of [[West Asia]].<ref name=hbk/>
The main habitat is cultivation, thin forest and grassland. They are often seen perched on roadside electric wires.<ref name=pcr/>
==Ecology and behaviour ==
[[File:Indian Roller Eating Indian Red Scorpion.jpg|thumb|left|Indian Roller eating a scorpion ([[Mangaon]], [[Maharashtra]])]]
These birds are usually seen perched on prominent bare trees or wires. They descend to the ground to capture their prey which may include insects, arachnids,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sharga, U.S. |year=1936 |title= Indian Roller or Blue Jay (''Coracias benghalensis'' Linn.) feeding on a scorpion |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=39|issue=1|page=179}}</ref> small reptiles (including ''[[Calotes versicolor]]''<ref>{{cite journal|author=Evans, G.H. |year=1921|title= The food of the Burmese Roller (''C. affinis'') and of the Ashy Drongo (''D. nigrescens'') |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume= 27|issue=4|pages=955–956}}</ref> and small snakes<ref>{{cite journal|author=Biddulph, C.H. |year=1937 |title= The Southern Indian Roller or Blue Jay ''Coracias benghalensis indica'' (Linn.) killing a small snake |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=39|issue=4|page= 865}}</ref> and amphibians. Fires attract them<ref name=pcr/> and they will also follow tractors for disturbed invertebrates. In agricultural habitats in southern India, they have been found at densities of about 50 birds per km<sup>2</sup>. They perch mainly on 3—10 metre high perches and feed mostly on ground insects. Nearly 50% of their prey are beetles and 25% made up by grasshoppers and crickets.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sivakumaran, N & K. Thiyagesan|year=2003|title=Population, diurnal activity patterns and feeding ecology of the Indian Roller ''Coracias benghalensis'' (Linnaeus, 1758)|journal=Zoos' Print Journal|volume=18|issue=5|pages=1091–1095|url=http://www.zoosprint.org/ZooPrintJournal/2003/May/1091-1095.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Mathew,DN; Narendran,TC; Zacharias,VJ 1978 1178–1197">{{cite journal|author=Mathew, D.N.; Narendran, T.C.; Zacharias, V.J. |year=1978|title= A comparative study of the feeding habits of certain species of Indian birds affecting agriculture|journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume= 75|issue=4|pages=1178–1197}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Anatomy and evolution of the feeding apparatus in the avian orders Coraciiformes and Piciformes|author=Burton, PKJ| pages=331–443|year=1984|volume=47|issue=6|journal=Bulletin of the British Museum. Zoology series|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/bulletinofbritis47zoollond#page/331/mode/1up}}</ref> The feeding behaviour of this roller and habitat usage are very similar to that of the [[Black Drongo]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Asokan, S. and A.M.S. Ali|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=2| issue=2|pages=690–694|url=http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2010/February/o220126ii10690-694.pdf|title=Foraging behavior of selected insectivorous birds in Cauvery Delta region of Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, India}}</ref> During summer, they may also feed late in the evening and make use of artificial lights and feed on insects attracted to them.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bharos, A.M.K. |year=1992|title= Feeding by Common Nightjar ''Caprimulgus asiaticus'' and Indian Roller ''Coracias benghalensis'' in the light of mercury vapour lamps |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume= 89|issue=1|page=124}}</ref> They are attracted to swarms of winged termites and as many as 40 birds have been seen to perch on a 70 metre stretch of electric wires.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bharos, A.M.K. |year=1990|title= Unusually large congregation and behaviour of Indian Rollers ''Coracias benghalensis''|journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume= 87|issue=2|page=300}}</ref> Their habit of feeding near roadsides sometimes results in [[Roadkill|collisions with traffic]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Goenka, D. |year=1986 |title= Lack of traffic sense amongst Indian Rollers |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume= 83|issue=3|page=665}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sundar, K.S.G.|year=2004| title=Mortality of herpetofauna, birds and mammals due to vehicular traffic in Etawah District, Uttar Pradesh, India|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=101|issue=3|pages=392–398}}</ref> A decline in the numbers of these birds seen along roadsides in northern India has been noted.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Saiduzzafar, H. |year=1984| title= Some observations on the apparent decrease in numbers of the Northern Roller or Blue Jay ''Coracias benghalensis''|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] | volume= 24| issue=5&6|pages=4–5|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/NLBW24#page/n25/mode/1up}}</ref>
[[File:Coracias benghalensis - Kaeng Krachan.jpg|thumb|Subspecies ''affinis'' from Thailand]]
The display of this bird is an aerobatic display, with the twists and turns that give this species its English name. The breeding season is March to June, slightly earlier in southern India. Displays when perched include bill-up displays, bowing, allopreening, wing drooping and tail fanning.<ref name=pcr/> Holes created by woodpeckers or wood boring insects in palms are favoured for nesting in some areas.<ref name="Mathew,DN; Narendran,TC; Zacharias,VJ 1978 1178–1197"/> Nest cavities may also be made by tearing open rotten tree trunks or in cavities in building.<ref name=baker>{{cite book|pages=224–227|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/BakerFbiBirds4/BakerFBI4#page/n252/mode/1up|title= The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 4|edition=2|author=Baker, ECS|publisher=Taylor & Francis, London|year=1927}}</ref> The cavity is usually unlined and is made up mainly of debris from the wood. The normal clutch consists of about 3-5 eggs. The eggs are white and broad oval or nearly spherical.<ref name=whistler/> Both sexes incubate the eggs for about 17 to 19 days.<ref name=hbk/> The young fledge and leave the nest after about a month. Nearly 80% of the eggs hatch and fledge.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=World Journal of Zoology |volume=4 |issue=4| pages= 263–269| year=2009|title=Preliminary Investigations on Diet and Breeding Biology of the Indian Roller ''Coracias benghalensis'' in a Portion of Cauvery Delta, Tamil Nadu, India|author=Asokan S; AMS Ali & R Manikannan|url=http://idosi.org/wjz/wjz4%284%292009/3.pdf}}</ref>
The call of the Indian Roller is a harsh [[crow|crow-like]] ''chack'' sound. It also makes a variety of other sounds, including metallic ''boink'' calls. It is especially vociferous during the breeding season.
The bird bathes in open water by plunge-diving into it, a behaviour often interpreted as fishing.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Tiwari, N.K. |year=1930|title= Bathing habit of the Indian Roller (''Coracias benghalensis'') |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume= 34|issue=2|pages=578–579}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Dalgliesh, G. |year=1911|title= Roller catching its prey in the water |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume= 20 |issue=3 |page=853}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal|author=Radcliffe, H. D.|year=1910|title=Roller catching its prey in the water |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=20 |issue=1|pages=225–226}}</ref> But it may occasionally attempt fishing from water.<ref name=hbk/>
Blood parasites ''Leucocytozoon'' of the family [[Plasmodiidae]] have been noted in the lung tissues.<ref>{{cite journal|author=De Mello, IF & Emidio Afonso|year=1935|title=Blood parasites of Coracias b. benghalensis with special remarks on its two types of Leucocytozoon|journal= Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (B) |volume=2|pages=67–73|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/procb/2/00000076.pdf}}</ref> Parasitic [[helminth]] worms ''Hadjelia truncata'' and ''Synhimantus spiralis'' were recorded as well.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Junker, K. and Boomker, J.|year=2007|title=A check list of the helminths of guineafowls (Numididae) and a host list of these parasites|journal= Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research|volume= 74|pages=315–337|url=http://www.up.ac.za/dspace/bitstream/2263/5124/1/Junker_Check(2007).pdf|format=PDF|pmid=18453241|issue=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/ProtozoaFBI1/BhatiaSporozoa1938#page/n260/mode/1up|pages=240–241|title= The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Protozoa. Volume 1|publisher=Taylor and Francis, London|author=Bhatia, B.L.|year=1938}}</ref>
==In culture==
[[File:Indian Roller I IMG 7963.jpg|thumb|Immature]]
Being very common in the populated plains of India, it is associated with legends. A local name is ''neelkanth'' (meaning "blue throat"),<ref>{{cite journal|title=Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent|journal=Buceros|author=Anonymous|year=1998|volume=3|issue=1|url=http://www.bnhsenvis.nic.in/pdf/vol%203%20(1).pdf|format=PDF|pages=53–109}}</ref> a name associated with the deity [[Shiva]] (who drank poison resulting in the blue throat). During former times, a captive roller would be released by the local ruler during festivals such as Dussera and Durga Puja.<ref>{{cite book|author=Blanford, WT|year=1889|publisher=Taylor & Francis, London|title= The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds Volume 3|page=105|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/faunaofbritishin03oate#page/105/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=33| url=http://www.archive.org/stream/beastmaninindiap00kipliala#page/33/mode/1up/| title=Beast and man in India|author=Kipling JL|year=1904| publisher=Macmillan and Co.|place=London}}</ref> Adding its chopped feathers to grass and feeding them to cows was believed to increase their milk yield.<ref>{{cite book|title=Omens and superstitions of southern India|author=Thurston, E|year=1912|publisher=McBride, Nast and Company|place =New York|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/omenssuperstitio00thur#page/88/mode/1up|page=88}}</ref> The Indian Roller has been chosen as the [[List of Indian state birds|state bird]] by the Indian states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Odisha]].
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Other sources==
* Stonor, C.R. (1944) A note on the breeding habits of the Indian Roller, ''Coracias benghalensis'' (Linnaeus). Ibis 86(1), 94-97.
* {{cite journal|author=Biswas,B |authorlink=Biswamoy Biswas|year=1961| title= Proposal to designate a neotype for ''Corvus benghalensis'' Linnaeus, 1758 (Aves), under the plenary powers Z.N. (S) 1465| journal=Bull. Zool. Nomen. |volume=18|issue=3|pages=217–219|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/bulletinofzoolog18inte#page/217/mode/1up}} Also [http://www.archive.org/stream/bulletinofzoolog20inte#page/194/mode/1up Opinion 663]
* Lamba, B.S. (1963) The nidification of some common Indian birds. 5. The Indian Roller or Blue Jay (''Coracias benghalensis'' Linn.). Res. Bull. Panjab Univ. 14(1-2):21-28.
==External links==
{{commons category|Coracias benghalensis}}
{{wikispecies|Coracias benghalensis}}
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/indian-roller-coracias-benghalensis Indian Roller videos, photos & sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection
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==Habits, behavior, plumage==
<gallery>
File:Indian Roller I4 IMG 8314.jpg
File:Indian Roller I3 IMG 8348.jpg
File:Coracias benghalensis.jpg
File:Coraciasbenghalensis.jpg
</gallery>
[[File:Indian Roller.ogg|thumbtime=10|300px|Baga, Goa, India]]
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[[వర్గం:పక్షులు]]
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