మూస:గాలియం మూలకము

గాలియం, 00Ga
గాలియం
Pronunciation/ˈɡæliəm/ (GAL-ee-əm)
Appearancesilver-white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ga)
గాలియం in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium
Al

Ga

In
జింక్గాలియంజెర్మేనియం
Groupమూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Periodperiod 4
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 3
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point302.9146 K ​(29.7646 °C, ​85.5763 °F)
Boiling point2477 K ​(2204 °C, ​3999 °F)
Density (near r.t.)5.91 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)6.095 g/cm3
Heat of fusion5.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization254 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity25.86 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1310 1448 1620 1838 2125 2518
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−5, −4, −3,[3] −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3[4] (an amphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.81
Ionization energies
Atomic radiusempirical: 135 pm
Covalent radius122±3 pm
Van der Waals radius187 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of గాలియం
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structureorthorhombic
Orthorhombic crystal structure for గాలియం
Speed of sound thin rod2740 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion18 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity40.6 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity270 n Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic
Young's modulus9.8 GPa
Poisson ratio0.47
Mohs hardness1.5
Brinell hardness60 MPa
CAS Number7440-55-3
History
PredictionDmitri Mendeleev (1871)
DiscoveryLecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
First isolationLecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
Isotopes of గాలియం
Template:infobox గాలియం isotopes does not exist
 Category: గాలియం
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References

  1. "Standard Atomic Weights: Gallium". CIAAW. 1987.
  2. Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in జర్మన్). 66b: 1107–1121.
  4. Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (Thesis) (in జర్మన్). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.