థూలియం, 00 Tm Pronunciation (THEW-lee -əm ) Appearance silvery gray
Group మూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format Period period 6 Block f-block Electron configuration [Xe ] 4f13 6s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 Phase at STP solid Melting point 1818 K (1545 °C, 2813 °F) Boiling point 2223 K (1950 °C, 3542 °F) Density (near r.t. ) 9.32 g/cm3 when liquid (at m.p. ) 8.56 g/cm3 Heat of fusion 16.84 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 247 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 27.03 J/(mol·K) Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
1117
1235
1381
1570
(1821)
(2217)
Oxidation state s0,[3] +1,[4] +2, +3 (a basic oxide) Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.25 Atomic radius empirical: 176 pm Covalent radius 190±10 pm Spectral line s of థూలియంNatural occurrence primordial Crystal structure hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Thermal expansion (r.t. ) (poly) 13.3 µm/(m⋅K) Thermal conductivity 16.9 W/(m⋅K) Electrical resistivity (r.t. ) (poly) 676 n Ω⋅m Magnetic ordering paramagnetic at 300 K Young's modulus 74.0 GPa Shear modulus 30.5 GPa Bulk modulus 44.5 GPa Poisson ratio 0.213 Vickers hardness 520 MPa Brinell hardness 471 MPa CAS Number 7440-30-4 Discovery Per Teodor Cleve (1879) First isolation Per Teodor Cleve (1879) Template:infobox థూలియం isotopes does not exist Category: థూలియం | references
References
These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Thulium" . CIAAW . 2021.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi :10.1515/pac-2019-0603 . ISSN 1365-3075 .
↑ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev . 22 : 17–24. doi :10.1039/CS9932200017 . and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry . 688 (1–2): 49–55. doi :10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028 .
↑ La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB8 − clusters; see Li, Wan-Lu; Chen, Teng-Teng; Chen, Wei-Jia; Li, Jun; Wang, Lai-Sheng (2021). "Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes" . Nature Communications . 12 (1): 6467. doi :10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9 . PMC 8578558 . PMID 34753931 .