కెనడా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 314:
ప్లెయింస్ సఙా భాష కాలనైజేషన్కు ముందు ఉత్తర అమెరికాలో వాడుకలో ఉండేది. పలు ఫస్ట్ నేషన్ ప్రజలకు ఇది వాడుక భాషగా ఉంది.
<ref name="NapierLeeson2016">{{cite book|last1=Napier|first1=Jemina|last2=Leeson|first2=Lorraine|title=Sign Language in Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxvxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|year=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-30977-8|page=123}}</ref> ఇనుయిట్ సఙా భాష నునవుట్ లోని ఇనుయిట్ ప్రజలకు వాడుకభాషగా ఉంది.<ref name="ZeshanVos2012">{{cite book|last1=Zeshan|first1=Ulrike|last2=Vos|first2=Connie de|title=Sign Languages in Village Communities: Anthropological and Linguistic Insights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkQLCNql6yEC&pg=PA182|date= 2012|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-1-61451-149-6|page=182}}</ref>నోవా స్కూటియా, న్యూ బ్రన్స్విక్ మరియు ప్రింస్ ఎడ్వర్డ్ దీవిలో మారీటైం సఙా భాష వాడుకలో ఉంది. <ref name="SchembriLucas2015f">{{cite book|last1=Schembri|first1=Adam C.|last2=Lucas|first2=Ceil|title=Sociolinguistics and Deaf Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awBEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|year=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-05194-2|page=50}}</ref>
==సంస్కృతి ==
[[File:Raven-and-the-first-men.jpg|thumb|alt=Bill Reid's 1980 sculpture ''Raven and The First Men''. Raven crushing men under turtle shell|[[Bill Reid]]'s 1980 sculpture ''Raven and The First Men''. The Raven is a figure common to many of [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Canada's Aboriginal mythologies]]]]
Canada's culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote a "[[just society]]" are constitutionally protected.
<ref>{{cite book|author=Rand Dyck|title=Canadian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BUOoN8e5Ps0C&pg=PA88|year=2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-17-650343-7|page=88}}</ref><ref name="Newman2012">{{cite book|author=Stephen L. Newman|title=Constitutional Politics in Canada and the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELWjuzADl7UC&pg=PA203|date= 2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8584-2|page=203}}</ref>
Canada has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all its people.
<ref name="GuoWong2015">{{cite book|author1=Shibao Guo|author2=Lloyd Wong|title=Revisiting Multiculturalism in Canada: Theories, Policies and Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HW8iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA317|year=2015|publisher=University of Calgary|isbn=978-94-6300-208-0|page=317}}</ref>
[[Multiculturalism in Canada|Multiculturalism]] is often cited as one of Canada's significant accomplishments,
<ref name="Sikka2014v">{{cite book|author=Sonia Sikka|title=Multiculturalism and Religious Identity: Canada and India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4NLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA237|year=2014|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=978-0-7735-9220-9|page=237}}</ref>
and a key distinguishing element of [[Canadian identity]].
<ref name="polls"/><ref name="Caplow2001a">{{cite book|author=Theodore Caplow|title=Leviathan Transformed: Seven National States in the New Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRunB0w4G-EC&pg=PA146|year=2001|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=978-0-7735-2304-3|page=146}}</ref>
In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many commentators speak of a [[culture of Quebec]] that is distinct from English Canadian culture.
<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtvKidOH9pgC&pg=PA61|page=61|title=Political culture and constitutionalism: a comparative approach|first1=Daniel P|last1=Franklin|first2=Michael J|last2=Baun|publisher=Sharpe|year=1995|isbn=978-1-56324-416-2}}</ref>
However, as a whole, Canada is in theory a [[cultural mosaic]]—a collection of several regional, Aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.
<ref>{{cite journal|last=Garcea|first=Joseph|author2=Kirova, Anna |author3=Wong, Lloyd |title=Multiculturalism Discourses in Canada|journal=Canadian Ethnic Studies|date=January 2009|volume=40|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1353/ces.0.0069}}</ref>
Canada's approach to governance emphasizing multiculturalism, which is based on selective [[Economic migrant|immigration]], [[social integration]], and [[Suppression of dissent|suppression]] of far right politics, has wide public support.
<ref name="Ambrosea">{{cite web |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033 |title=Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right – Nationalism and Ethnic Politics | volume=21 Issue 2 |DOI=10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033 |date=2015 |author1=Emma Ambrosea |author2=Cas Muddea }}</ref>
Government policies such as [[Health care in Canada|publicly funded health care]], [[Income taxes in Canada|higher taxation]] to [[Canadian federal budget|redistribute wealth]], the outlawing of [[Capital punishment in Canada|capital punishment]], strong efforts to eliminate [[poverty in Canada|poverty]], strict [[Gun politics in Canada|gun control]], and the legalization of [[Same-sex marriage in Canada|same-sex marriage]] are further social indicators of Canada's political and [[Canadian values|cultural values]].
<ref>{{cite book|first1 =Darrell | last1 =Bricker |first2= John |last2 =Wright|title =What Canadians think about almost everything|publisher =Doubleday Canada|year =2005|isbn =978-0-385-65985-7|pages=8–28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nanosresearch.com/sites/default/files/POLNAT-S15-T705.pdf |title=Exploring Canadian values |date=October 2016 |author=Nanos Research, |accessdate= February 1, 2017}}</ref>
Canadians also identify with the country's health care institutions, [[Canadian peacekeeping|peacekeeping]], the [[National Parks of Canada|National park system]] and the [[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]].
<ref name="polls">{{cite web |url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/research/por-multi-imm/sec02-1.asp |title=A literature review of Public Opinion Research on Canadian attitudes towards multiculturalism and immigration, 2006–2009 |publisher=Government of Canada |date=2011 |accessdate= December 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.queensu.ca/cora/_files/fc2010report.pdf |title= Focus Canada (Final Report) |publisher=Queen's University |date=2010 |author=The Environics Institute|format=PDF|page=4 (PDF page 8) |accessdate= December 12, 2015}}</ref>
Historically, Canada has been influenced by [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British]], [[French culture|French]], and Aboriginal cultures and traditions. Through their language, [[Native American art|art]] and [[First Nations music|music]], Aboriginal peoples continue to influence the Canadian identity.
<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkAuYRVjlE8C&pg=PA3|pages=3–6|title=Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction|first=Paul R|last= Magocsi|publisher= University of Toronto Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8020-3630-8}}</ref>
During the 20th century Canadians with African, Caribbean and Asian nationalities have added to the Canadian identity and its culture.
<ref name="TetteyPuplampu2005">{{cite book|author1=Wisdom Tettey|author2=Korbla P. Puplampu|title=The African Diaspora in Canada: Negotiating Identity & Belonging|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpoxptJZ73sC&pg=PA100|year=2005|publisher=University of Calgary|isbn=978-1-55238-175-5|page=100}}</ref>
[[Canadian humour]] is an integral part of the Canadian Identity and is reflected in its [[Canadian folklore|folklore]], literature, music, art and media. The primary characteristics of Canadian humour are irony, parody, and satire.
<ref name="Nieguth2015">{{cite book|author=Tim Nieguth|title=The Politics of Popular Culture: Negotiating Power, Identity, and Place|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMjMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA188|year=2015|publisher=MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-9685-6|page=188}}</ref> Many [[List of Canadian comedians|Canadian comedians]] have archived international success in the American TV and film industries and are amongst the most recognized in the world.<ref name="Charney2005">{{cite book|author=Maurice Charney|title=Comedy: a geographic and historical guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Og4ntxFQP2cC&pg=PA210|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32714-8|pages=210–213}}</ref>
Canada has a well-developed [[Media of Canada|media sector]], but its cultural output; particularly in [[Cinema of Canada|English films]], [[Television in Canada|television shows]], and [[List of Canadian magazines|magazines]], is often overshadowed by imports from the United States.
<ref name="Vipond2011y">{{cite book|author=Mary Vipond|title=The Mass Media in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0eDs29g49YC&pg=PA57|edition=4|year=2011|publisher=James Lorimer Company|isbn=978-1-55277-658-2|page=57}}</ref>
As a result, the preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC), the [[National Film Board of Canada]] (NFB), and the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC).
<ref name="Edwardson2008c">{{cite book|author=Ryan Edwardson|title=Canadian Content: Culture and the Quest for Nationhood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxVuSFLo8fAC&pg=PA59|year=2008|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9519-0|page=59}}</ref>
===చిహ్నాలు ===
[[File:Beaver sculpture, Centre Block.jpg|thumb|alt=''The mother beaver'' sculpture outside the House of Commons |''The mother beaver''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/about/house/collections/collection_profiles/CP_mother_beaver-e.htm |title=The mother beaver – Collection Profiles| publisher=The House of Commons Heritage|date=2013 |author=David Monaghan |accessdate= December 12, 2015}}</ref> on the Canadian parliament's [[Peace Tower]]. The five flowers on the shield each represent an ethnicity: [[Tudor rose]]: [[English people|English]]; [[Fleur de lis]]: [[French people|French]]; [[thistle]]: [[Scottish people|Scottish]]; [[shamrock]]: [[Irish people|Irish]]; and [[leek]]: [[Welsh people|Welsh]].]]
Canada's national symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and Aboriginal sources. The use of the [[maple leaf]] as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada's [[Flag of Canada|current]] and [[Canadian Red Ensign|previous flags]], and on the [[Arms of Canada]].
<ref name=symbol1>{{cite book | author=Canadian Heritage | title=Symbols of Canada | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-660-18615-3 | publisher=Canadian Government Publishing}}</ref>
The Arms of Canada is closely modelled after the [[royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom]] with French and distinctive Canadian elements replacing or added to those derived from the British version.
<ref name="Gough2010g">{{cite book|author=Barry M. Gough|title=Historical Dictionary of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4xK6CasigkC&pg=PA71|date= 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7504-3|page=71}}</ref>
The [[Great Seal of Canada]] is a governmental [[Seal (emblem)|seal]] used for purposes of state, being set on [[letters patent]], proclamations and commissions, for representatives of the Queen and for the appointment of [[cabinet ministers]], [[Lieutenant governor (Canada)|lieutenant governors]], senators, and judges.
<ref name=formal>{{cite web| url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C.R.C.,_c._1331.pdf| title=Consolidation – Formal Documents Regulations| author=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada| year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1363632655992/1363632732678 |title=The Great Seal of Canada – Anthems and Symbols – Canadian Identity |publisher=Canadian Heritage |date=2013 |accessdate=December 12, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102063140/http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1363632655992/1363632732678 |archivedate=January 2, 2016 }}</ref>
Other prominent symbols include the [[beaver]], [[Canada goose]], [[common loon]], the Crown, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police,<ref name=symbol1/> and more recently, the [[totem pole]] and [[Inuksuk]].
<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ruhl|first=Jeffrey|date=January 2008|title=Inukshuk Rising|journal=Canadian Journal of Globalization|volume=1|issue=1|pages=25–30}}</ref>
[[Coins of the Canadian dollar|Canadian coins]] feature many of these symbols: the loon on the [[loonie|$1 coin]], the Arms of Canada on the [[50-cent piece (Canadian coin)|50¢ piece]], the beaver on the [[Nickel (Canadian coin)|nickel]].
<ref name="Berman2008">{{cite book|author=Allen G Berman|title=Warman's Coins And Paper Money: Identification and Price Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRFWcmAr68YC&pg=PA137|year=2008|publisher=Krause Publications|isbn=1-4402-1915-X|page=137}}</ref>
The [[penny (Canadian coin)|penny]], removed from circulation in 2013, featured the maple leaf.
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mint.ca/store/mint/about-the-mint/phasing-out-the-penny-6900002#.Vmp2mUorIgo |title=Phasing out the penny |publisher=Royal Canadian Mint |date=2015 |accessdate= December 11, 2015}}</ref>
The Queen' s image appears on [[Canadian dollar|$20 bank notes]], and on the obverse of all current Canadian coins.
<ref name="Berman2008"/>
===సాహిత్యం ===
Canadian literature is often divided into French- and English-language literatures, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively.
<ref>{{cite book|author=W. J. Keith|title=Canadian literature in English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGawhTGpGK0C&pg=PA19|year= 2006|publisher=The Porcupine's Quill|isbn=978-0-88984-283-0|page=19}}</ref>
There are four major themes that can be found within historical Canadian literature; nature, frontier life, Canada's position within the world, all three of which tie into the [[garrison mentality]].
<ref>{{cite book|author=William H. New|title=Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkh2vJ_9GpEC&pg=PA259|year=2002|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-0761-2|pages=259–261}}</ref>
By the 1990s, Canadian literature was viewed as some of the world's best.
<ref name="Dominic2010">{{cite book|author=K. V. Dominic|title=Studies in Contemporary Canadian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spW-K5UiJVkC&pg=PT9|year=2010|publisher=Pinnacle Technology|isbn=978-1-61820-640-4|page=9}}</ref>
Canada's ethnic and cultural diversity are reflected in its literature, with many of its most prominent modern writers focusing on ethnic life.
<ref>{{cite book|author=K. V. Dominic|authorlink=K. V. Dominic|title=Studies in Contemporary Canadian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spW-K5UiJVkC&pg=PT8|year=2010|publisher=Pinnacle Technology|isbn=978-1-61820-640-4|page=8}}</ref>
Arguably, the best-known living Canadian writer internationally (especially since the deaths of [[Robertson Davies]] and [[Mordecai Richler]]) is [[Margaret Atwood]], a prolific novelist, poet, and literary critic.
<ref>{{cite book|author=Reingard M. Nischik|title=Margaret Atwood: Works and Impact|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_xIap0GDbwC&pg=PA46|year=2000|publisher=Camden House|isbn=978-1-57113-139-3|page=46}}</ref>
Numerous other [[List of Canadian writers|Canadian authors]] have accumulated international literary awards;
<ref>{{cite book|author=William H. New|title=Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkh2vJ_9GpEC&pg=PA55|year=2012|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-0761-2|page=55}}</ref>
including [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Laureate]] [[Alice Munro]], who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English;
<ref>{{cite book|title=Broadview Anthology of British Literature, The. Concise Edition, Volume B|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJI_vgWiJiMC&pg=PA1459|year=2006|publisher=Broadview Press|page=1459|id=GGKEY:1TFFGS4YFLT}}</ref>
and [[Booker Prize]] recipient [[Michael Ondaatje]], who is perhaps best known for the novel ''[[The English Patient]]'', which was adapted as a [[The English Patient (film)|film of the same name]] that won the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]].
<ref>{{cite book|author1=Robert Giddings|author2=Erica Sheen|title=From Page To Screen: Adaptations of the Classic Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZGUDrLW2yYC&pg=PA197|year=2000|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5231-6|page=197}}</ref>
===కళలు ===
[[File:The Jack Pine, by Tom Thomson.jpg||thumb||alt=Oil on canvas painting of a tree dominating its rocky landscape during a sunset.|''[[The Jack Pine]]'' by [[Tom Thomson]]. Oil on canvas, 1916, in the collection of the [[National Gallery of Canada]]]]
Canadian visual art has been dominated by figures such as [[Tom Thomson]] – the country's most famous painter – and by the [[Group of Seven (artists)|Group of Seven]].
<ref>{{cite book|author=Marylin J. McKay|title=Picturing the Land: Narrating Territories in Canadian Landscape Art, 1500–1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZWhNZwppdIC&pg=PA229|date= 2011|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-3817-7|page=229}}</ref>
Thomson's career painting Canadian landscapes spanned a decade up to his death in 1917 at age 39.
<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brock|first=Richard|title=Envoicing Silent Objects: Art and Literature at the Site of the Canadian Landscape|journal=Canadian Journal of Environmental Education|year=2008|volume=13|issue=2|pages=50–61}}</ref>
The Group were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. Though referred to as having seven members, five artists—[[Lawren Harris]], [[A. Y. Jackson]], [[Arthur Lismer]], [[J. E. H. MacDonald]], and [[Frederick Varley]]—were responsible for articulating the Group's ideas. They were joined briefly by [[Frank Johnston (artist)|Frank Johnston]], and by commercial artist [[Franklin Carmichael]]. [[A. J. Casson]] became part of the Group in 1926.
<ref>{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Charles C|title=The Group of Seven – Art for a Nation|publisher=National Gallery of Canada|year=1995|pages=15–21, 195|isbn=978-0-7710-6716-7}}</ref>
Associated with the Group was another prominent Canadian artist, [[Emily Carr]], known for her landscapes and portrayals of the [[Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast]].
<ref>{{cite book|last=Newlands|first=Anne|title=Emily Carr|publisher=Firefly Books|year=1996|pages=8–9|isbn=978-1-55209-046-6}}</ref>
Since the 1950s, works of [[Inuit art]] have been given as gifts to foreign dignitaries by the Canadian government.
<ref>{{cite book|author=Pamela R. Stern|title=Daily life of the Inuit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0y95_2m0pGUC&pg=PA151|date=June 30, 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-36311-5|page=151}}</ref>
===సంగీతం ===
The Canadian music industry is the sixth largest in the world producing internationally renowned [[List of Canadian composers|composers]], [[List of Canadian musicians|musicians]] and [[List of bands from Canada|ensembles]].
<ref name="HullHutchison2011a">{{cite book|author1=Geoffrey P. Hull|author2=Thomas William Hutchison|author3=Richard Strasser|title=The Music Business and Recording Industry: Delivering Music in the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWUil8OuXS8C&pg=PA304|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-87560-8|page=304}}</ref>
Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the CRTC.
<ref name="AchesonMaule2009">{{cite book|author1=Archibald Lloyd Keith Acheson|author2=Christopher John Maule|title=Much Ado about Culture: North American Trade Disputes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gCzOUo6YhkC&pg=PA181|year=2009|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-02241-5|page=181}}</ref>
The [[Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] presents Canada's music industry awards, the [[Juno Award]]s, which were first awarded in 1970.
<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxVuSFLo8fAC&pg=PA127|page=127|title=Canadian content, culture and the quest for nationhood|first=Ryan |last=Edwardson|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8020-9759-0}}</ref>
The [[Canadian Music Hall of Fame]] established in 1976 honours Canadian musicians for their lifetime achievements.
<ref name="Hoffmann2004">{{cite book|author=Frank Hoffmann|title=Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FOSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA324|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94950-1|page=324}}</ref>
[[Anthems and nationalistic songs of Canada|Patriotic music in Canada]] dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding the [[Constitution Act, 1867|first legal steps to independence]] by over 50 years. The earliest, ''[[The Bold Canadian]]'', was written in 1812.
<ref>{{cite book|author=Adam Jortner|title=The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6whyXqA7BUC&pg=PA217|year= 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-976529-4|page=217}}</ref>
The national anthem of Canada, "[[O Canada]]", was originally commissioned by the [[Lieutenant Governor of Quebec]], the Honourable [[Théodore Robitaille]], for the 1880 [[Fête nationale du Québec|St. Jean-Baptiste Day]] ceremony, and was officially adopted in 1980.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/o-canada/|title='O Canada' |publisher=Historica-Dominion |accessdate=November 27, 2013}}</ref>
[[Calixa Lavallée]] wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir [[Adolphe-Basile Routhier]]. The text was originally only in French, before it was translated to English in 1906.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Hymne national du Canada |publisher=Canadian Heritage |date=June 23, 2008 |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm |accessdate=June 26, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129084708/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/anthem-fra.cfm |archivedate=January 29, 2009 }}</ref>
===క్రీడలు ===
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