జమైకా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 255:
సమీపకాలంలో జమైకాలో నేరాలు తగ్గుముఖం పట్టాయి. 2009లో దేశంలో 1,682 హత్యలు నమోదయ్యాయి. 2010లో 1,428 హత్యలు నమోదయ్యాయి. 2011 నుండి హత్యల సంఖ్య మరింత తగ్గింది.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prime Minister Golding Speaks on Crime Reduction|url=http://go-jamaica.com/news/read_article.php?id=29278}}</ref> 2012లో ది మినిస్టరీ అఫ్ నేషనల్ సెక్యూరిటీ 30 హత్యలు జరిగినట్లు తెలియజేసింది.
<ref>Pachico, Elyssa (2012-3-30). "Jamaica Murder Rate Dropped 30% in 2012". InSightCrime: Organized Crime in the Americas. Retrieved 2012-12-1.</ref>
==Culture==
{{refimprove|section|date=August 2017}}<!--Music and Literature sections have no references; Sport section has several paragraphs with no citations-->
{{Main article|Culture of Jamaica}}
[[File:Marcus Garvey 1924-08-05.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Marcus Garvey]], father of the Back to Africa Movement and Jamaica's first National Hero.]]
[[File:Bob-Marley-in-Concert Zurich 05-30-80.jpg|thumb|[[Bob Marley]], the most famous reggae artist from Jamaica.]]
===Music===
{{Main article|Music of Jamaica}}
Though a small nation, Jamaican culture has a strong global presence. The musical genres [[reggae]], [[ska]], [[mento]], [[rocksteady]], [[Dub music|dub]], and, more recently, [[dancehall]] and [[ragga]] all originated in the island's vibrant, popular urban recording industry. Jamaica also played an important role in the development of [[punk rock]], through reggae and ska. Reggae has also influenced American [[Hip hop music|rap]] music, as they share roots as rhythmic, African styles of music. Some rappers, such as [[The Notorious B.I.G.]] and [[Heavy D]], are of Jamaican descent. Internationally known reggae musician [[Bob Marley]] was also Jamaican.
Many other internationally known artists were born in Jamaica, including [[Millie Small]], [[Lee "Scratch" Perry]], [[Gregory Isaacs]], [[Half Pint]], [[Protoje]], [[Peter Tosh]], [[Bunny Wailer]], [[Big Youth]], [[Jimmy Cliff]], [[Dennis Brown]], [[Desmond Dekker]], [[Beres Hammond]], [[Beenie Man]], [[Shaggy (musician)|Shaggy]], [[Grace Jones]], [[Shabba Ranks]], [[Super Cat]], [[Buju Banton]], [[Sean Paul]], [[I Wayne]], [[Bounty Killer]] and many others. Bands that came from Jamaica include [[Black Uhuru]], [[Third World Band]], [[Inner Circle (reggae band)|Inner Circle]], [[Chalice Reggae Band]], [[Culture (band)|Culture]], Fab Five and [[Morgan Heritage]]. The genre [[Oldschool jungle|jungle]] emerged from London's Jamaican diaspora. The birth of [[hip hop music|hip-hop]] in New York City owed much to the city's Jamaican community.
===Literature===
{{Main article|Jamaican literature}}
[[Ian Fleming]], who lived in Jamaica, repeatedly used the island as a setting in his [[James Bond]] novels, including ''[[Live and Let Die (novel)|Live and Let Die]]'', ''[[Dr. No (novel)|Doctor No]]'', "[[For Your Eyes Only (short story)|For Your Eyes Only]]", ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'', and ''[[Octopussy and The Living Daylights]]''. In addition, James Bond uses a Jamaica-based cover in ''[[Casino Royale (novel)|Casino Royale]]''. So far, the only James Bond film adaptation to have been set in Jamaica is ''[[Dr. No (film)|Doctor No]]''. Filming for the fictional island of [[James Bond locations#Locations depicted in films|San Monique]] in ''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]'' took place in Jamaica.
The journalist and author [[H. G. de Lisser]] (1878–1944) used his native country as the setting for his many novels. Born in [[Falmouth, Jamaica]], de Lisser worked as a reporter for the ''[[Jamaica Times]]'' at a young age and in 1920 began publishing the magazine ''[[Planters' Punch]]''. ''The White Witch of Rosehall'' is one of his better-known novels. He was named Honorary President of the Jamaican Press Association; he worked throughout his professional career to promote the Jamaican sugar industry.
[[Marlon James (novelist)|Marlon James]] (1970), novelist has published three novels: ''John Crow's Devil'' (2005), ''[[The Book of Night Women]]'' (2009) and ''[[A Brief History of Seven Killings]]'' (2014), winner of the 2015 [[Man Booker Prize]]
===Film===
{{See also|List of Jamaican films}}
The cinema actor [[Errol Flynn]] lived with his third wife [[Patrice Wymore]] in [[Port Antonio]] in the 1950s. He helped develop tourism to this area, popularising trips down rivers on bamboo rafts.<ref>Dr. Rebecca Tortello [http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0033.html "The History of Jamaica – Captivated by Jamaica"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717100529/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0033.html |date=17 July 2009 }}, ''Jamaica Gleaner</ref>
Jamaica has a long history in the film industry dating from the early 1960s. A look at delinquent youth in Jamaica is presented in the 1970s musical crime film ''[[The Harder They Come]]'', starring [[Jimmy Cliff]] as a frustrated (and [[psychopathic]]) reggae musician who descends into a murderous crime spree. The American film ''[[Cocktail (1988 film)|Cocktail]]'' (1988), starring [[Tom Cruise]], is one of the more popular films to depict Jamaica. Another popular Jamaican-based film is the 1993 Disney comedy ''[[Cool Runnings]]'', which is loosely based on the true story of Jamaica's first bobsled team trying to make it in the Winter Olympics.
===Cuisine===
{{Main article|Jamaican cuisine}}
The island is famous for its [[Jamaican jerk spice]], which is integral to Jamaican cuisine. Jamaica is also home to [[Red Stripe]] beer and [[Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee]].
===National symbols===
(''From the Jamaica Information Service'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/This%20Is%20Jamaica/symbols.html |title=National Symbols of Jamaica |publisher=Jis.gov.jm |date=6 August 1962 |accessdate=26 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619153047/http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/This%20Is%20Jamaica/symbols.html |archivedate=19 June 2006 |df= }}</ref>
* National bird: [[red-billed streamertail]] (also called doctor bird) (a [[hummingbird]], ''Trochilus polytmus'')
* National flower – [[lignum vitae]] (''Guiacum officinale'')
* National tree: [[Talipariti elatum|blue mahoe]] (''Hibiscus talipariti elatum'')
* National fruit: [[ackee]] (''Blighia sapida'')
* National motto: "Out of Many, One People."
[[File:Jamaica motto.jpg|thumb|Jamaica motto on a building at Papine High School in Kingston, Jamaica.]]
===Sport===
{{Main article|Sport in Jamaica}}
[[File:Usain Bolt 16082009 Berlin.JPG|thumb|[[Usain Bolt]] at the [[2009 World Championships in Athletics]] in [[Berlin]] ]]
Sport is an integral part of national life in Jamaica and the island's athletes tend to perform to a standard well above what might ordinarily be expected of such a small country.<ref name="track">{{cite web|title=Athletics in Jamaica|url=http://www.my-island-jamaica.com/athletics_in_jamaica.html|publisher=My island Jamaica|accessdate=11 October 2010}}</ref> While the most popular local sport is [[cricket]], on the international stage Jamaicans have tended to do particularly well at [[track and field athletics]].<ref name=track /><ref name="jamsports">{{cite web|title=Jamaican Sports An Overview|url=http://www.jamaicans.com/culture/sports/cricketjamaica.shtml|publisher=My Island Jamaica|accessdate=11 October 2010}}</ref>
Jamaica has produced some of the world's most famous cricketers, including [[George Headley]], [[Courtney Walsh]], and [[Michael Holding]].<ref>Margaret J.Bailey, Cricket in Jamaica :http://jamaicans.com/cricketjamaica/ Retrieved 9 January 2016</ref> The country was one of the venues of [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] and the [[West Indies cricket team]] is one of 10 [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] full member teams that participate in international [[Test cricket]].<ref name="cricket">{{cite web|title=Test and ODI cricket playing nations|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/rankings/content/current/page/211271.html|publisher=Cricinfo |accessdate=11 October 2010}}</ref> The [[Jamaica national cricket team]] competes regionally, and also provides players for the West Indies team. [[Sabina Park]] is the only Test venue in the island, but the [[Greenfield Stadium (Trelawny)|Greenfield Stadium]] is also used for cricket.<ref name="cricketgrounds">{{cite web|title=Cricket Ground Information|url=http://www.windiesonline.com/west_indies_cricket_grounds|publisher=Windies Online|accessdate=11 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Greenfield">{{cite web|title=Greenfield Stadium|url=http://www.surfindia.com/cricket/greenfield-stadium.html|publisher=Surf India|accessdate=11 October 2010}}</ref> [[Chris Gayle]] is the most renowned batsman from Jamaica currently representing the West Indies cricket team.
Since independence Jamaica has consistently produced world class athletes in track and field.<ref name=track /> In Jamaica involvement in athletics begins at a very young age and most high schools maintain rigorous athletics programs with their top athletes competing in national competitions (most notably the VMBS Girls and Boys Athletics Championships) and international meets (most notably the [[Penn Relays]]). In Jamaica it is not uncommon for young athletes to attain press coverage and national fame long before they arrive on the international athletics stage.
Over the past six decades Jamaica has produced dozens of world class sprinters including Olympic and World Champion [[Usain Bolt]], world record holder in the 100m for men at 9.58s, and 200m for men at 19.19s. Other noteworthy Jamaican sprinters include [[Arthur Wint]], the first Jamaican Olympic Gold Medalist; [[Donald Quarrie]], [[Elaine Thompson]] double Olympic champion from Rio 2016 in the 100m and 200m, Olympic Champion and former 200m world record holder; [[Roy Anthony Bridge]], part of the International Olympic Committee; [[Merlene Ottey]]; [[Delloreen Ennis-London]]; [[Shelly-Ann Fraser|Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce]], the former World and two time Olympic 100m Champion; [[Kerron Stewart]]; [[Aleen Bailey]]; [[Juliet Cuthbert]]; three-time Olympic gold medalist; [[Veronica Campbell-Brown]]; [[Sherone Simpson]]; [[Brigitte Foster-Hylton]]; [[Yohan Blake]]; [[Herb McKenley]]; [[George Rhoden]], Olympic Gold Medalist; [[Deon Hemmings]], Olympic Gold Medalist; as well as [[Asafa Powell]], former 100m world record holder and 2x 100m Olympic finalist and Gold medal winner in the men's 2008 Olympic 4 × 100 m.
Jamaica has also produced several world class amateur and professional boxers including [[Trevor Berbick]] and [[Mike McCallum]]. First-generation Jamaican athletes have continued to make a significant impact on the sport internationally, especially in the United Kingdom where the list of top British boxers born in Jamaica or of Jamaican parents includes [[Lloyd Honeyghan]], [[Chris Eubank]], [[Audley Harrison]], [[David Haye]], [[Lennox Lewis]] and [[Frank Bruno]].
[[Association football]] and [[horse-racing]] are other popular sports in Jamaica. The [[Jamaica National Football Team|national football team]] qualified for the 1998 [[FIFA World Cup]].
The [[Jamaica national bobsled team]] was once a serious contender in the [[Winter Olympics]], beating many well-established teams. Chess and basketball are widely played in Jamaica and are supported by the Jamaica Chess Federation (JCF) and the Jamaica Basketball Federation (JBF), respectively. [[Netball]] is also very popular on the island, with the [[Jamaica national netball team]] called ''The Sunshine Girls'' consistently ranking in the top five in the world.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[International Federation of Netball Associations|IFNA]] |title=Current World Rankings |url=http://www.netball.org/thrilling-world-class-events/current-world-rankings|accessdate=3 November 2013}}</ref>
The [[Jamaica national rugby league team]] is made up of players who play in Jamaica, and UK-players from professional and semi professional teams in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanrugbynews.com/artman/publish/rugby_league/Jamaica_to_Tour_UK.shtml |title=Jamaica to Tour UK |publisher=Americanrugbynews.com |date= |accessdate=20 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818071928/http://www.americanrugbynews.com/artman/publish/rugby_league/Jamaica_to_Tour_UK.shtml |archivedate=18 August 2010 }}</ref> Their first international was a 37–22 loss to the [[United States national rugby league team]] in November 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rlef.eu.com/news.php?id=1276 |title=Rugby League Europe Federation |publisher=Rlef.eu.com |date=15 November 2009 |accessdate=20 December 2010}}</ref> Rugby league in Jamaica is growing with universities and high schools taking up the sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rleague.com/db/article.php?id=36827 |title=The World of Rugby League |publisher=rleague.com |date= |accessdate=20 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227201451/http://rleague.com/db/article.php?id=36827 |archivedate=27 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rleague.com/db/article.php?id=36730 |title=The World of Rugby League |publisher=rleague.com |date= |accessdate=20 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227201342/http://rleague.com/db/article.php?id=36730 |archivedate=27 February 2015 }}</ref> The JRLA Championship is the main rugby league competition in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rleague.com/db/article.php?id=36351 |title=The World of Rugby League |publisher=rleague.com |date= |accessdate=20 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227210834/http://rleague.com/db/article.php?id=36351 |archivedate=27 February 2015 }}</ref> The [[Hurricanes Rugby League]] are a professional rugby league team who are hoping to compete in either the [[USA Rugby League]] or the [[AMNRL]] by 2013 during that time they will be training young players aged 14–19 who will be part of the Hurricanes RL Academy in the hope of developing into full-time professional players.
According to [[ESPN]], the highest paid Jamaican professional athlete in 2011 was [[Justin Masterson]], starting pitcher for the Cleveland Indians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/espn/story/_/id/7858737/floyd-mayweather-united-states-best-paid-athlete-espn-magazine |title=Best-paid athletes from 200 countries |publisher=espn.com |date= |accessdate=4 May 2012}}</ref>
===Major cities===
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