వాటికన్ నగరం: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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Nrgullapalli (చర్చ | రచనలు) చిదిద్దుబాటు సారాంశం లేదు |
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పంక్తి 135:
1995 లో సెయింట్ పీటర్స్ బాసిలికాకు సమీపంలోని డొమస్ సాన్టియే మార్థే అతిథిభవనం నిర్మాణం ఇటాలియన్ పర్యావరణ సమూహాలు రాజకీయనాయకుల మద్దతుతో విమర్శించబడింది. కొత్త భవనం సమీపంలోని ఇటాలియన్ అపార్టుమెంట్లు నుండి బాసిలికా సందర్శనను అడ్డుకుంటుంది అని వారు తెలిపారు.<ref name="guest house">{{cite book|last=Thavis|first=John|title=The Vatican Diaries: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Power, Personalities and Politics at the Heart of the Catholic Church|year=2013|publisher=Viking|location=NY |isbn=978-0-670-02671-5 |pages=121–2}}</ref> కొద్దికాలం పాటు వాటికన్ మరియు ఇటాలియన్ ప్రభుత్వాల మధ్య సంబంధాలను ప్రణాళికలు పడగొట్టాయి. వాటికన్ సాంకేతిక విభాగం అధిపతి వాటి సరిహద్దులలో నిర్మించటానికి వాటికన్ రాష్ట్ర హక్కు అని పేర్కొని సవాళ్లు తిరస్కరించారు.
<ref name="guest house" />
== Geography ==
[[File:Vatican City map EN.png|thumb|500px|Map of Vatican City, highlighting notable buildings and the Vatican gardens.]]{{Main article|Geography of Vatican City}}
The name "Vatican" predates Christianity and comes from the Latin ''{{lang|la|[[Vatican Hill|Mons Vaticanus]]}}'', meaning Vatican Mount.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Vatican|title=Vatican (search)|publisher=Online Dictionary|accessdate=28 November 2007}}</ref> The territory of Vatican City is part of the ''Mons Vaticanus'', and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields. It is in this territory that [[St. Peter's Basilica]], the [[Apostolic Palace]], the [[Sistine Chapel]], and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman ''[[rione]]'' of [[borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgo]] until 1929. Being separated from the city, on the west bank of the [[Tiber River|Tiber]] river, the area was an outcrop of the city that was protected by being included within the walls of [[Pope Leo IV|Leo IV]] (847–55), and later expanded by the current fortification walls, built under [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]] (1534–49), [[Pope Pius IV|Pius IV]] (1559–65) and [[Pope Urban VIII|Urban VIII]] (1623–44).
[[File:VaticanCity Annex.jpg|left|thumb|Territory of Vatican City State according to the [[Lateran Treaty]].]]
When the [[Lateran Treaty]] of 1929 that gave the state its form was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed.
The territory includes [[St. Peter's Square]], distinguished from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where it touches Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter's Square is reached through the [[Via della Conciliazione]] which runs from close to the Tiber River to St. Peter's. This grand approach was constructed by [[Benito Mussolini]] after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty.
According to the Lateran Treaty, certain [[properties of the Holy See]] that are located in Italian territory, most notably the [[Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo]] and the [[major basilica]]s, enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign [[diplomatic mission|embassies]].<ref name="treaty"/><ref name="treaty text"/> These properties, scattered all over Rome and Italy, house essential offices and institutions necessary to the character and mission of the Holy See.<ref name="treaty text">Lateran Treaty of 1929, Articles 13–16</ref>
Castel Gandolfo and the named basilicas are patrolled internally by [[Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City|police agents of Vatican City State]] and not by [[Law enforcement in Italy|Italian police]]. According to the Lateran Treaty (Art. 3) St. Peter's Square, up to but not including the steps leading to the basilica, is normally patrolled by the Italian police.<ref name="treaty">{{cite web|title=Patti Lateranensi|url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html|publisher=vatican.va|accessdate=6 November 2013}}</ref>
There are no passport controls for visitors entering Vatican City from the surrounding Italian territory. There is free public access to Saint Peter's Square and Basilica and, on the occasion of papal general audiences, to the hall in which they are held. For these audiences and for major ceremonies in Saint Peter's Basilica and Square, tickets free of charge must be obtained beforehand. The Vatican Museums, incorporating the Sistine Chapel, usually charge an entrance fee. There is no general public access to the gardens, but guided tours for small groups can be arranged to the gardens and excavations under the basilica. Other places are open to only those individuals who have business to transact there.
{{Panorama
|image = File:Vatican StPeter Square.jpg
|height = 230
|alt = St. Peter's Square, the basilica and obelisk, from Piazza Pio XII
|caption = <center>St. Peter's Square, the basilica and obelisk, from Piazza Pio XII</center>
}}
=== Climate ===
Vatican City's climate is the same as Rome's: a temperate, [[Mediterranean climate]] ''Csa'' with mild, rainy winters from October to mid-May and hot, dry summers from May to September. Some minor local features, principally mists and dews, are caused by the anomalous bulk of St Peter's Basilica, the elevation, the fountains and the size of the large paved square.
{{Weather box
|location= Vatican City
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
|Jan record high C=19.8
|Feb record high C=21.2
|Mar record high C=26.6
|Apr record high C=27.2
|May record high C=33.0
|Jun record high C=37.8
|Jul record high C=39.4
|Aug record high C=40.6
|Sep record high C=38.4
|Oct record high C=30.0
|Nov record high C=25.0
|Dec record high C=20.2
|Jan high C= 11.9
|Feb high C= 13.0
|Mar high C= 15.2
|Apr high C= 17.7
|May high C= 22.8
|Jun high C= 26.9
|Jul high C= 30.3
|Aug high C= 30.6
|Sep high C= 26.5
|Oct high C= 21.4
|Nov high C= 15.9
|Dec high C= 12.6
|year high C= 20.4
|Jan mean C= 7.5
|Feb mean C= 8.2
|Mar mean C= 10.2
|Apr mean C= 12.6
|May mean C= 17.2
|Jun mean C= 21.1
|Jul mean C= 24.1
|Aug mean C= 24.5
|Sep mean C= 20.8
|Oct mean C= 16.4
|Nov mean C= 11.4
|Dec mean C= 8.4
|year mean C= 15.2
|Jan low C= 3.1
|Feb low C= 3.5
|Mar low C= 5.2
|Apr low C= 7.5
|May low C= 11.6
|Jun low C= 15.3
|Jul low C= 18.0
|Aug low C= 18.3
|Sep low C= 15.2
|Oct low C= 11.3
|Nov low C= 6.9
|Dec low C= 4.2
|year low C= 10.0
|Jan record low C=-11.0
|Feb record low C=-4.4
|Mar record low C=-5.6
|Apr record low C=0.0
|May record low C=3.8
|Jun record low C=7.8
|Jul record low C=10.6
|Aug record low C=10.0
|Sep record low C=5.6
|Oct record low C=0.8
|Nov record low C=-5.2
|Dec record low C=-4.8
|Jan precipitation mm= 67
|Feb precipitation mm= 73
|Mar precipitation mm= 58
|Apr precipitation mm= 81
|May precipitation mm= 53
|Jun precipitation mm= 34
|Jul precipitation mm= 19
|Aug precipitation mm= 37
|Sep precipitation mm= 73
|Oct precipitation mm= 113
|Nov precipitation mm= 115
|Dec precipitation mm= 81
|year precipitation mm= 804
|Jan precipitation days= 7.0
|Feb precipitation days= 7.6
|Mar precipitation days= 7.6
|Apr precipitation days= 9.2
|May precipitation days= 6.2
|Jun precipitation days= 4.3
|Jul precipitation days= 2.1
|Aug precipitation days= 3.3
|Sep precipitation days= 6.2
|Oct precipitation days= 8.2
|Nov precipitation days= 9.7
|Dec precipitation days= 8.0
|year precipitation days= 79.4
|unit precipitation days = 1 mm
|Jan sun= 120.9
|Feb sun= 132.8
|Mar sun= 167.4
|Apr sun= 201.0
|May sun= 263.5
|Jun sun= 285.0
|Jul sun= 331.7
|Aug sun= 297.6
|Sep sun= 237.0
|Oct sun= 195.3
|Nov sun= 129.0
|Dec sun= 111.6
|year sun= 2472.8
|source 1= [[Servizio Meteorologico]],<ref name=ServizioMeteorologico1>[http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClimatico/pdf/(239)Roma%20Ciampino.pdf Tabelle climatiche 1971–2000 della stazione meteorologica di Roma-Ciampino Ponente dall'Atlante Climatico 1971–2000] – Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare</ref> data of sunshine hours<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://clima.meteoam.it/web_clima_sysman/Clino6190/CLINO239.txt
|title=Visualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Roma Ciampino |accessdate=13 June 2011}}</ref>
|date=April 2012}}
In July 2007, the Vatican accepted a proposal by two firms based respectively in [[San Francisco]] and [[Budapest]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegwpf.com/vatican-footprint-wrong-footed/ |title=Vatican footprint wrong-footed |publisher=The Global Warming Policy Forum |date=26 May 2010 |accessdate=2 January 2015}}</ref> whereby it would become the first [[carbon neutrality|carbon neutral]] state by offsetting its [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions|carbon dioxide emissions]] with the creation of a [[Vatican Climate Forest]] in Hungary,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.physorg.com/news103554442.html |title=The Vatican to go carbon neutral |agency=United Press International |date=13 July 2007 |accessdate=12 September 2009}}</ref> as a purely symbolic gesture<ref name=CN070713>[http://www.cathnews.com/news/707/76.php Vatican signs up for a carbon offset forest], ''Catholic News Service'', published 13 July 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705173031/http://www.cathnews.com/news/707/76.php |date=5 July 2008 }}</ref> to encourage [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] to do more to safeguard the planet.<ref>[http://www.wcr.ab.ca/news/2007/0723/carbon072307.shtml Climate forest makes Vatican the first carbon-neutral state], ''Western Catholic Reporter'', published 23 July 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304130215/http://www.wcr.ab.ca/news/2007/0723/carbon072307.shtml |date=4 March 2008 }}</ref> Nothing came of the project.<ref>[http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2010/0420/Carbon-offsets-How-a-Vatican-forest-failed-to-reduce-global-warming Carbon offsets: How a Vatican forest failed to reduce global warming] The Christian Science Monitor</ref><ref>[http://www.ethicalcorp.com/environment/dangers-lurk-offset-investments "Dangers lurk in offset investments"], ''Ethical Corporation'' published 19 September 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2012 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427133116/http://www.ethicalcorp.com/environment/dangers-lurk-offset-investments |date=27 April 2012 }}</ref>
On 26 November 2008, the Vatican itself put into effect a plan announced in May 2007 to cover the roof of the [[Paul VI Audience Hall]] with [[solar panel]]s.<ref>[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070612183543/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0702971.htm Going green: Vatican expands mission to saving planet, not just souls], ''Catholic News Service'', published 25 May 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007</ref><ref>Glatz, Carol (26 November 2008) [http://salt.claretianpubs.org/sjnews/2008/12/sjn081210a.html Vatican wins award for creating rooftop solar-power generator], ''Catholic News Service''.</ref>
=== Gardens ===
{{Main article|Gardens of Vatican City}}
Within the territory of Vatican City are the [[Gardens of Vatican City|Vatican Gardens]] ({{lang-it|Giardini Vaticani|links=no}}),<ref name="VaticanMap">{{cite web|url=http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/vaticancity-map.htm |title=Map of Vatican City |publisher=saintpetersbasilica.org |accessdate=11 October 2009}}</ref> which account for more than half of this territory. The gardens, established during the [[Renaissance]] and [[Baroque]] era, are decorated with fountains and sculptures.
The gardens cover approximately {{convert|23|ha|acres}} which is most of the [[Vatican Hill]]. The highest point is {{convert|60|m}} [[above mean sea level]]. Stone walls bound the area in the North, South and West.
The gardens date back to medieval times when orchards and vineyards extended to the north of the Papal [[Apostolic Palace]].<ref name="Pellegrino">{{cite web|url=http://www.pellegrinocattolico.com/ctv/gardens.htm|title=Al Pellegrino Cattolico: ''The Vatican Gardens''|accessdate=21 November 2008|publisher=2008 Al Pellegrino Cattolico s.r.l. Via di Porta Angelica 81\83 (S.Pietro) I- 00193 Roma, Italy|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413133503/http://www.pellegrinocattolico.com/ctv/gardens.htm|archivedate=13 April 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1279 [[Pope Nicholas III]] (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, 1277–1280) moved his residence back to the Vatican from the [[Lateran Palace]] and enclosed this area with walls.<ref name="Vatican">{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Gardens/ |title=Official Vatican City State Website: ''A Visit to the Vatican Gardens'' |accessdate=21 November 2008 |publisher=2007–08 Uffici di Presidenza S.C.V. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108134258/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Gardens/ |archivedate=8 November 2008 }}</ref> He planted an orchard ''(pomerium)'', a lawn ''(pratellum)'' and a garden ''(viridarium)''.<ref name="Vatican"/>
{{Panorama
|image = File:Vatican panorama from St. Peters Basilica.jpg
|height = 240
|alt = A panorama of gardens and several buildings from atop St. Peter's Basilica
|caption = <center>Panorama of the gardens from atop St. Peter's Basilica</center>
}}
== ప్రాదేశికత ==
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