డెన్మార్క్: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 313:
2016 లో డెన్మార్క్ గ్లోబల్ ఎన్విరాన్మెంటల్ పర్ఫార్మెన్స్ ఇండెక్స్ (ఇ.పి.ఐ.) లో 180 దేశాలలో మొత్తం 4 స్థానంలో ఉంది.
విద్యుత్ శక్తి ఉత్పత్తి సామర్థ్యము మరియు సి.ఒ.2 ఉద్గార తగ్గింపుల కారణంగా ర్యాంకింగ్ మరియు పనితీరులో ఇటీవల మరియు గణనీయమైన పెరుగుదల సాధ్యమైంది. గాలి నాణ్యతా మెరుగుదలలు భవిష్యత్తులో అమలు చేయబడుతున్నాయి.యునైటెడ్ నేషన్స్ సస్టైయిన బుల్ డెవలప్మెంట్ గోల్స్ సూచించడానికి 2001 లో " ఇ.పి.ఐ.ప్రపంచ ఆర్ధిక ఫోరం " స్థాపించబడింది. డెన్మార్క్ ఉత్తమంగా వ్యవహరిస్తున్న పర్యావరణ ప్రాంతాలు పారిశుధ్యం, నీటి వనరుల నిర్వహణ మరియు పర్యావరణ సమస్యల ఆరోగ్య సమస్యలు ప్రాధాన్యత వహిస్తున్నాయి. తరువాత జీవవైవిద్యం మరియు ఆవాస ప్రాంతం ప్రాంతం. ఈ చట్టాలు మరియు నిబంధనలు ఎంతవరకు ప్రస్తుత జీవవైవిధ్యం మరియు వాస్తవాల ఆవాసాలను ప్రభావితం చేస్తాయనే దానిపై ఇ.పి.ఐ ప్రత్యేకంగా పరిగణించకపోయినా దేశంలో అనేక రక్షణ చట్టాలు మరియు రక్షిత ప్రాంతాలు ఉన్నాయి; <ref>Nor does the EPI gauge how well the biodiversity is faring compared to a pristine situation.</ref> డెన్మార్క్ మత్యపరిశ్రమ సామర్ధ్యం మరియు ఆటవీ నిర్వహణ మరీ అధ్వానంగా ఉంది.<ref>This is 128 out of only 136 countries, as only 136 countries are represented in this area of the EPI report.</ref> పర్యావరణ ప్రభావాల ప్రాంతాలను డెన్మార్క్ అధ్వాన!గ (అంటే అత్యధిక ర్యాంకు) నిర్వహిస్తుంది. ఫిషరీస్ ప్రాంతంలో ఉన్న అతితక్కువ ర్యాంకులు మరియు నిరంతరం వేగంగా క్షీణిస్తున్న చేపల స్టాక్స్ కారణంగా ప్రపంచంలోని అత్యంత అధ్వానపరిస్థితి కలిగిన దేశాల్లో డెన్మార్కును ఉంచడం జరిగింది.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epi.yale.edu/reports/2016-report|title=2016 Report|journal=EPI Report|publisher=Yale University|accessdate=17 December 2016}}</ref><ref>EPI (2016): [http://epi.yale.edu/country/denmark Denmark]</ref> డెన్మార్క్ భూభాగాలు, గ్రీన్లాండ్ మరియు ఫారో దీవులు, సంవత్సరానికి సుమారు 650 తిమింగలాలను చంపేస్తాయి.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2012/almost-saving-whales-the-ambiguity-of-success-at-the-international-whaling-commission-full-text/|title=Almost Saving Whales: The Ambiguity of Success at the International Whaling Commission [Full Text] - Ethics & International Affairs|date=29 March 2012|work=Ethics & International Affairs|access-date=27 December 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/faroe-islands-slaughter-pilot-whales-sea-blood-red-north-atlantic-iceland-denmark-ritual-tradition-a7798436.html|title=Hundreds of whales slaughtered in Faroe Island's annual killing|date=20 June 2017|work=The Independent|access-date=27 December 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref>
== Economy ==
{{further information|Economy of Denmark|List of companies of Denmark}}
[[File:Lego Color Bricks.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lego]] bricks are produced by [[The Lego Group]], headquartered in [[Billund, Denmark|Billund]].]]
Denmark has a [[developed economy|developed]] [[mixed economy]] that is classed as a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]] by the [[World Bank]].<ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups#High_income Country and Lending Groups.] World Bank. Accessed on 14 March 2016.</ref> It ranks 18th in the world in terms of [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] and 6th in [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]].<ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2013+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc "GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)", World Development Indicators database], World Bank. Database updated on 14 April 2015. Accessed on 22 August 2015.</ref><ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD] (selecting all countries, GDP per capita (current US$), [[World Bank]]. Accessed on 22 August 2015.</ref> Denmark's economy stands out as one of the most free in the [[Index of Economic Freedom]] and the [[Economic Freedom of the World]].<ref>[http://www.heritage.org/index/Ranking "Country Ratings"], 2012 Index of Economic Freedom. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</ref><ref name="2011-09-20_fraserinstitute">{{cite web | url = http://www.freetheworld.com/2011/reports/world/EFW2011_complete.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213117/http://www.freetheworld.com/2011/reports/world/EFW2011_complete.pdf | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 26 September 2011 | title = Economic Freedom of the World: 2011 Annual Report Complete Publication (2.7 MB) | website = [[freetheworld.com]] | publisher = [[Fraser Institute]] | year = 2011 | format = PDF | accessdate =20 September 2011 }}</ref> It is the 13th most competitive economy in the world, and 8th in Europe, according to the [[World Economic Forum]] in its ''Global Competitiveness Report 2014–2015''.<ref name="wefcomp">{{cite web|url=http://www.weforum.org/issues/global-competitiveness |title=Global Competitiveness Report 2014–2015 |publisher=World Economic Forum |accessdate=22 August 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210040419/http://www.weforum.org/issues/global-competitiveness |archivedate=10 December 2014 }}</ref>
Denmark has the fourth highest ratio of [[tertiary education|tertiary degree]] holders in the world.<ref>[http://www.uis.unesco.org/Library/Documents/ged09-en.pdf UNESCO 2009 Global Education Digest], Shared fourth with Finland at a 30.3% ratio. Graph on p28, table on p194.</ref> The country ranks highest in the world for [[labor rights|workers' rights]].<ref>Kevin Short (28 May 2014). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/28/worst-countries-workers_n_5389679.html?ref=topbar&ncid=fcbklnkushpmg00000015 The Worst Places On The Planet To Be A Worker]. ''[[The Huffington Post]].'' Retrieved 28 May 2014.</ref> [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per hour worked|GDP per hour worked]] was the 13th highest in 2009. The country has a market income inequality close to the [[OECD]] average,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |title=Tackling income inequality. The role of taxes and transfers. |authors=Isabelle Joumard, Mauro Pisu, Debbie Bloch |publisher=OECD |date=2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.dk/files/cbs.dk/new_papers_4.pdf |title=Sources and impact of rising inequality in Denmark |authors=Ioana Neamtu and Niels Westergaard-Nielsen |date=March 2013 }}</ref> but after public cash transfers the income inequality is [[List of countries by income equality|very low]]. According to the [[International Monetary Fund]], Denmark has [[List of minimum wages by country|the world's highest minimum wage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/index.aspx |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2010 Edition |publisher=IMF |date=6 October 2010 |accessdate=5 July 2012}}</ref> As Denmark has no minimum wage legislation, the high wage floor has been attributed to the power of [[trade union]]s. For example, as the result of a collective bargaining agreement between the [[Fagligt Fælles Forbund|3F trade union]] and the employers group [[:da:Horesta|Horesta]], workers at [[McDonald's]] and other [[fast food chain]]s make the equivalent of [[United States dollar|US$]]20 an hour, which is more than double what their counterparts earn in the United States, and have access to five weeks' paid vacation, [[parental leave]] and a pension plan.<ref>Liz Alderman and Steven Greenhouse (27 October 2014). [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/28/business/international/living-wages-served-in-denmark-fast-food-restaurants.html Living Wages, Rarity for U.S. Fast-Food Workers, Served Up in Denmark]. ''[[The New York Times]].'' Retrieved 28 October 2014.</ref> Union density in 2015 was 68%.<ref>On Sweden and Denmark, see Anders Kjellberg and Christian Lyhne Ibsen [https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/ws/files/21682547/Kjellberg_og_Ibsen_2016_ur_Due_og_Madsen.pdf "Attacks on union organizing: Reversible and irreversible changes to the Ghent-systems in Sweden and Denmark"] in Trine Pernille Larsen and Anna Ilsøe (eds.)(2016) ''Den Danske Model set udefra (The Danish Model Inside Out) – komparative perspektiver på dansk arbejdsmarkedsregulering'', Copenhagen: Jurist- og Økonomforbundets Forlag (pp.292)</ref>
[[File:Sow with piglet.jpg|thumb|left|Denmark is a leading producer of [[pork]], and the largest exporter of pork products in the EU.<ref>[http://www.cecmanitoba.ca/resource/hearings/22/21.pdf ''An Overview of Danish Pork Industry: Integration and Structure''] by Karen Hamann – The Institute for Food Studies & Agroindustrial Development. Access date: 23 July 2012.</ref>]]
Once a predominantly [[agriculture|agricultural]] country on account of its [[arable land|arable]] landscape, since 1945 Denmark has greatly expanded its [[industrial base]] so that by 2006 industry contributed about 25% of GDP and agriculture less than 2%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Denmark:Economy|url=http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/world/denmark-economy.html|publisher=Pearson Education|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref> Major industries include [[iron]], [[steel]], [[chemical industry|chemicals]], [[food processing]], [[pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceuticals]], [[shipbuilding]] and [[construction]].<ref name="factbook" /> The country's main exports are: industrial production/manufactured goods 73.3% (of which machinery and instruments were 21.4%, and fuels (oil, natural gas), chemicals, etc. 26%); agricultural products and others for consumption 18.7% (in 2009 meat and meat products were 5.5% of total export; fish and fish products 2.9%).<ref name="factbook" /> Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and has for a number of years had a [[balance of payments]] surplus while battling an equivalent of approximately 39% of GNP [[External debt|foreign debt]] or more than [[Danish krone|DKK]] 300 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dst.dk/pukora/epub/upload/16217/headword/dk/407.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810003332/http://www.dst.dk/pukora/epub/upload/16217/headword/dk/407.pdf |archivedate=10 August 2011 |dead-url=yes |title=Statens Gæld og Låntagning |publisher=Statistics Denmark }}</ref>
[[File:EU Single Market.svg|thumb|Denmark is a member of the [[European Single Market]].]]
A liberalisation of import tariffs in 1797 marked the end of [[mercantilism]] and further liberalisation in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century established the Danish liberal tradition in international trade that was only to be broken by the 1930s.<ref>Mathias, Peter and Polard, Sidney (eds.) (1989) ''The Cambridge Economic History of Europe''. Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref> Even when other countries, such as Germany and France, raised protection for their agricultural sector because of increased American competition resulting in much lower agricultural prices after 1870, Denmark retained its free trade policies, as the country profited from the cheap imports of cereals (used as feedstuffs for their cattle and pigs) and could increase their exports of butter and meat of which the prices were more stable.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=23|isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref> Today, Denmark is part of the [[European Union]]'s [[internal market]], which represents more than 508 million consumers. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union (EU) members and by EU legislation. Support for [[free trade]] is high among the Danish public; in a 2007 poll 76% responded that globalisation is a good thing.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1684528,00.html Why Denmark Loves Globalisation], Time Magazine</ref> 70% of trade flows are inside the European Union. {{As of|2014}}, Denmark's largest export partners are Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Norway.<ref name="factbook" />
Denmark's currency, the ''[[Danish krone|krone]]'' (DKK), is [[Fixed exchange rate|pegged]] at approximately 7.46 kroner per euro through the [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism|ERM]]. Although a [[Danish euro referendum, 2000|September 2000 referendum]] rejected adopting the [[euro]],<ref name=denmarkandtheeuro>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalbanken.dk/DNUK/Euro.nsf/side/Denmark_and_the_euro!OpenDocument |title=Denmark and the euro |accessdate=3 February 2007 |date=17 November 2006 |publisher=[[Danmarks Nationalbank]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116210231/http://nationalbanken.dk/DNUK/Euro.nsf/side/Denmark_and_the_euro!OpenDocument |archivedate=16 November 2006 }}</ref> the country follows the policies set forth in the [[Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union]] and meets the economic [[Euro convergence criteria|convergence criteria]] needed to adopt the euro. The majority of the political parties in the Folketing support adopting the euro, but as yet a new referendum has not been held, despite plans;<ref>{{cite news |title=Denmark to have second referendum on euro |date=22 November 2007 |url=http://euobserver.com/18/25202|accessdate=22 November 2007}}</ref> scepticism of the EU among Danish voters has historically been strong.
Denmark is home to many multinational companies, among them: [[A.P. Møller-Mærsk]] (international shipping), [[Arla Foods]] (dairy), [[Lego Group]] (toys), [[Danfoss]] (industrial services), [[Carlsberg Group]] (beer), [[Vestas]] ([[wind turbine]]s), and the pharmaceutical companies [[Leo Pharma]] and [[Novo Nordisk]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The largest companies by turnover in Denmark|url=http://www.largestcompanies.com/toplists/denmark/largest-companies-by-turnover|website=largestcompanies.com|publisher=Nordic Netproducts AB|accessdate=26 April 2016}}</ref>
{{clear}}
=== Science and technology ===
{{See also|Internet in Denmark}}
[[File:Denmark Confirms Participation in E-ELT.jpg|thumb|With an investment of 8.5 million euros over the ten-year construction period, Denmark confirms participation in E-ELT.<ref>{{cite news|title=Denmark Confirms Participation in E-ELT|url=http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann13033/|accessdate=17 April 2013|newspaper=ESO Announmentes}}</ref>]]
Denmark has a long tradition of scientific and technological invention and engagement, and has been involved internationally from the very start of the [[scientific revolution]]. In current times, Denmark is participating in many high-profile international science and technology projects, including [[CERN]], [[ITER]], [[ESA]], [[International Space Station|ISS]] and [[E-ELT]].
In the 20th century, Danes have also been innovative in several fields of the technology sector. Danish companies have been influential in the shipping industry with the design of the largest and most energy efficient container ships in the world, the [[Maersk Triple E class]], and Danish engineers have contributed to the design of [[MAN Diesel]] engines. In the software and electronic field, Denmark contributed to design and manufacturing of [[Nordic Mobile Telephone]]s, and the now-defunct Danish company [[DanCall]] was among the first to develop [[GSM]] mobile phones.
[[Life science]] is a key sector with extensive research and development activities. Danish engineers are world-leading in providing [[diabetes]] care equipment and medication products from Novo Nordisk and, since 2000, the Danish [[biotech]] company [[Novozymes]], the world market leader in enzymes for first generation starch based bioethanol, has pioneered development of enzymes for converting waste to [[cellulosic ethanol]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadianbiomassmagazine.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&Itemid=132&id=3101|title=Novozymes, the world's leading provider of enzymes to the biofuels industry|publisher=Canadian Biomass Magazine |accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> ''[[Medicon Valley]]'', spanning the [[Øresund Region]] between Zealand and Sweden, is one of Europe's largest life science [[business cluster|clusters]], containing a large number of life science companies and research institutions located within a very small geographical area.
Danish-born computer scientists and software engineers have taken leading roles in some of the world's programming languages: [[Anders Hejlsberg]] ([[Turbo Pascal]], [[Embarcadero Delphi|Delphi]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]); [[Rasmus Lerdorf]] ([[PHP]]); [[Bjarne Stroustrup]] ([[C++]]); [[David Heinemeier Hansson]] ([[Ruby on Rails]]); [[Lars Bak (computer programmer)|Lars Bak]], a pioneer in virtual machines ([[V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8]], [[Java virtual machine|Java VM]], [[Dart (programming language)|Dart]]). Physicist [[Lene Vestergaard Hau]] is the first person to stop light, leading to advances in [[quantum computing]], [[nanoscale engineering]] and [[linear optics]].
=== Public policy ===
{{See also|Flexicurity|Taxation in Denmark}}
Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterised by extensive government [[welfare state|welfare provisions]]. Like other Nordic countries, Denmark has adopted the [[Nordic Model]], which combines [[free market]] capitalism with a comprehensive [[welfare state]] and strong [[worker protection]].<ref name="Nordic Model">{{cite web |url=http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/Sweden%20Paper.pdf |title=The surprising ingredients of Swedish success – free markets and social cohesion |date=25 June 2013 |publisher=''[[Institute of Economic Affairs]]'' |accessdate=13 April 2014}}</ref> As a result of its acclaimed "flexicurity" model, Denmark has the most free [[labour economics|labour market]] in Europe, according to the World Bank. Employers can hire and fire whenever they want (flexibility), and between jobs, [[unemployment]] compensation is very high (security).<ref name="investindk">{{cite web|url=http://www.investindk.com/Why-Denmark/10-good-reasons |title=10 Good Reasons to Invest in Denmark |publisher=Investindk.com |accessdate=12 February 2016 }}</ref> Establishing a business can be done in a matter of hours and at very low costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investindk.com/Why-Denmark |title=The world's best business environment |publisher=Investindk.com |accessdate=5 July 2012}}</ref> No restrictions apply regarding overtime work, which allows companies to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.<ref name="investindk" /> Denmark has a competitive [[corporate tax]] rate of 24.5% and a special time-limited tax regime for expatriates.<ref>[http://www.investindk.com/Establishing-a-business-in-Denmark Business Environment], Invest in Denmark</ref> The Danish taxation system is broad based, with a 25% [[value-added tax]], in addition to excise taxes, income taxes and other fees. The overall level of taxation (sum of all taxes, as a percentage of GDP) is estimated to be 46% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skm.dk/tal_statistik/skatter_og_afgifter/510.html |title=Skattetrykket |publisher=Danish Ministry of Taxation |accessdate=24 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531230744/http://www.skm.dk/tal_statistik/skatter_og_afgifter/510.html |archivedate=31 May 2012 }}</ref>
{{As of|2014}}, 6% of the population was reported to live below the [[poverty line]], when adjusted for taxes and transfers. Denmark has the 2nd lowest relative poverty rate in the [[OECD]], below the 11.3% OECD average.<ref name=OECD1 /> The share of the population reporting that they feel that they cannot afford to buy sufficient food in Denmark is less than half of the OECD average.<ref name=OECD1 /> With an employment rate of 72.8%, Denmark ranks 7th highest among the OECD countries, and above the OECD average of 66.2%.<ref name=OECD1>{{cite web|title=Society at a Glance 2014 Highlights: DENMARK OECD Social Indicators|url=http://www.oecd.org/denmark/OECD-SocietyAtaGlance2014-Highlights-Denmark.pdf|publisher=OECD|accessdate=23 August 2015}}</ref> The number of unemployed people is forecast to be 65,000 in 2015.<ref name="2006forecasts">{{cite book |last=Madsen |first=Bjarne |author2=Svend Lundtorp |title=Arbejdsmarkedet på Sjælland og øerne i 2015 |page=10|year=2006 |publisher=Akf forlaget |url=http://www.akf.dk/udgivelser/2006/pdf/arbejdsmarkedet_sjaelland_oeer.pdf/ |accessdate=3 February 2007|isbn=87-7509-801-6}}</ref> The number of people in the [[Legal working age|working age]] group, less disability pensioners etc., will grow by 10,000 to 2,860,000, and jobs by 70,000 to 2,790,000;<ref name="2006forecasts" /> [[part-time]] jobs are included.<ref>Statistikbanken.dk, tables AB513+ BESK11+12+13.</ref> Because of the present high demand and short supply of skilled labour, for instance for factory and service jobs, including hospital nurses and physicians, the annual average [[working time|working hours]] have risen, especially compared with the [[recession]] 1987–1993.<ref name="BusinessDK">{{cite news |first=Jens |last=Nüchel |author2=Lars Erik Skovgaard |title=Danskere arbejder mere og mere |date=13 December 2006 |url=http://www.business.dk/karriere/artikel:aid=2014652 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120172239/http://www.business.dk/karriere/artikel%3Aaid%3D2014652 |archivedate=20 January 2013 |work=Business.dk |accessdate=3 February 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> Increasingly, service workers of all kinds are in demand, i.e. in the [[Mail|postal services]] and as bus drivers, and academics.<ref>{{cite news |first=Annette |last=Bonde |title=Virksomheder foretrækker tysk arbejdskraft |date=24 September 2007 |url=http://www.business.dk/karriere/virksomheder-foretraekker-tysk-arbejdskraft |work=Business.dk |accessdate=23 September 2007}}</ref>
The level of [[unemployment benefits]] is dependent on former employment (the maximum benefit is at 90% of the wage) and at times also on membership of an unemployment fund, which is almost always—but need not be—administered by a trade union, and the previous payment of contributions. However, the largest share of the financing is still carried by the central government and is financed by general taxation, and only to a minor degree from earmarked contributions. There is no taxation, however, on proceeds gained from selling one's home (provided there ''was'' any [[home equity]] ({{lang|da|''friværdi''}})), as the marginal tax rate on capital income from housing savings is around 0%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dors.dk/sw5855.asp |title=Danish Economic Council Spring Report 2008 English Summary, p. 11 |publisher=Dors.dk |accessdate=20 August 2009}}</ref>
=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in Denmark}}
[[File:DanishWindTurbines.jpg|thumb|[[Middelgrunden]], an offshore wind farm near Copenhagen]]
Denmark has considerably large deposits of oil and natural gas in the [[North Sea]] and ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of [[Petroleum|crude oil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=DA |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304094837/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=DA |archivedate=4 March 2010 |title=EIA – International Energy Data and Analysis for Denmark |publisher=Tonto.eia.doe.gov |date=15 May 2009 |accessdate=29 May 2009 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and was producing 259,980 barrels of crude oil a day in 2009.<ref>[http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=dk Denmark Crude Oil Production and Consumption by Year (Thousand Barrels per Day)] – indexmundi.</ref> Denmark is a long-time leader in [[wind power]]: In 2015 [[wind turbine]]s provided 42.1% of the total electricity power consumption.<ref>[http://cphpost.dk/news/business/wind-energy-in-denmark-breaking-world-records.html Wind energy in Denmark breaking world records] The Copenhagen Post, Retrieved 17. January 2016.</ref> {{As of|2011|05|alt=in May 2011}} Denmark derived 3.1% of its gross domestic product from renewable (clean) energy technology and energy efficiency, or around €6.5 billion ($9.4 billion).<ref>[http://news.yourolivebranch.org/2011/05/10/denmark-invests-the-most-in-clean-energy-per-gdp/ Denmark Invests the Most in Clean Energy per GDP] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516123405/http://news.yourolivebranch.org/2011/05/10/denmark-invests-the-most-in-clean-energy-per-gdp/ |date=16 May 2012 }} – yourolivebranch.org. Retrieved 3 January 2012</ref> Denmark is connected by [[electric transmission lines]] to other European countries. On 6 September 2012, Denmark launched the biggest wind turbine in the world, and will add four more over the next four years.{{needs update|date=December 2016}}
[[Electricity sector in Denmark|Denmark's electricity sector]] has integrated energy sources such as wind power into the national grid. Denmark now aims to focus on intelligent battery systems ([[Vehicle-to-grid|V2G]]) and [[Electric vehicle|plug-in vehicles]] in the transport sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.energymap.dk/Technology-Areas/Intelligent-Energy/Plug-in-and-Electrical-Vehicles |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719122621/http://www.energymap.dk/Technology-Areas/Intelligent-Energy/Plug-in-and-Electrical-Vehicles |archivedate=19 July 2011 |title=Plug-in and Electrical Vehicles |publisher=EnergyMap.dk |accessdate=10 October 2009}}</ref> The country is a member nation of the [[International Renewable Energy Agency]] (IRENA).<ref name="IRENAstates">{{cite news|title=Global support for International Renewable Energy Agency growing fast|url=http://www.irena.org/Menu/index.aspx?PriMenuID=13&mnu=Pri|date=10 September 2014|accessdate=10 September 2014|publisher=''IRENA''}}</ref>
=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Denmark}}
[[File:Storebæltsforbindelsen højbroen.jpg|thumb|right|Great Belt Fixed Link, The East Bridge as seen from [[Zealand]]]]
[[File:Copenhagen Airport Mai 2009 PD 131.JPG|thumb|[[Copenhagen Airport]] is the largest airport in Scandinavia and [[List of the busiest airports in Europe|15th-busiest in Europe]].<ref name="cph" />]]
Significant investment has been made in building road and rail links between regions in Denmark, most notably the [[Great Belt Fixed Link]], which connects [[Zealand]] and [[Funen]]. It is now possible to drive from [[Frederikshavn]] in northern [[Jutland]] to [[Copenhagen]] on eastern Zealand without leaving the motorway. The main railway operator is [[DSB (railway company)|DSB]] for passenger services and [[DB Schenker Rail]] for freight trains. The railway tracks are maintained by [[Banedanmark]]. The North Sea and the Baltic Sea are intertwined by various, international ferry links. Construction of the [[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]], connecting Denmark and Germany with a second link, will start in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Denmark-Germany undersea Fehmarn tunnel gets go-ahead|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-33633879|accessdate=19 August 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=23 July 2015}}</ref> Copenhagen has a [[rapid transit]] system, the [[Copenhagen Metro]], and an extensive electrified suburban railway network, the [[S-train]]. In the four largest cities – [[Copenhagen]], [[Aarhus]], [[Odense]], [[Aalborg]] – [[light rail]] systems are planned to be in operation around 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ring 3 summary report |url=http://www.ringtre.dk/fileadmin/filer/freesites/ringtre/filer/Letbane/Dokumenter/Resume_UK_final03.pdf |accessdate=12 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413131909/http://www.ringtre.dk/fileadmin/filer/freesites/ringtre/filer/Letbane/Dokumenter/Resume_UK_final03.pdf |archivedate=13 April 2014 }}</ref>
[[Cycling in Denmark]] is a very common form of transport, particularly for the young and for city dwellers. With a network of bicycle routes extending more than 12,000 km<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitdenmark.dk/danmark/da-dk/menu/turist/inspiration/aktivferie/cykel/cykel-ruter-og-regioner.htm |title=Cykelruter og regioner |publisher=Visitdenmark.com |language=Danish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315171238/http://www.visitdenmark.dk/danmark/da-dk/menu/turist/inspiration/aktivferie/cykel/cykel-ruter-og-regioner.htm |archivedate=15 March 2012 }}</ref> and an estimated 7,000 km<ref name="vcta">{{cite web |url=http://www.vcta.dk/OmVCTA.aspx |title=Vi cykler til arbejde 2011 |accessdate=16 August 2011 |publisher=[[Dansk Cyklist Forbund]] |language=Danish}}</ref> of [[Segregated cycle facilities|segregated dedicated bicycle paths and lanes]], Denmark has a solid [[cycling infrastructure|bicycle infrastructure]].
Private vehicles are increasingly used as a means of transport. Because of the [[car taxation|high registration tax]] (150%), [[VAT]] (25%), and one of the world's highest income tax rates, new cars are very expensive. The purpose of the tax is to discourage car ownership.
In 2007, an attempt was made by the government to favour environmentally friendly cars by slightly reducing taxes on high mileage vehicles. However, this has had little effect, and in 2008 Denmark experienced an increase in the import of fuel inefficient old cars,<ref>{{cite news |title=Tyske miljøzoner sender gamle biler til Danmark |date=9 January 2009 |url=http://politiken.dk/indland/ECE626918/tyske-miljoezoner-sender-gamle-biler-til-danmark/ |work=Politiken.dk |accessdate=29 November 2010 |language=Danish}}</ref> as the cost for older cars—including taxes—keeps them within the budget of many Danes.
{{As of|2011}}, the average car age is 9.2 years.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Transport|title=Statistical Yearbook 2012|publisher=dst.dk |url=http://www.dst.dk/pukora/epub/upload/16251/13tra.pdf |accessdate=3 September 2012 }}</ref>
With Norway and Sweden, Denmark is part of the [[Scandinavian Airlines]] [[flag carrier]]. [[Copenhagen Airport]] is Scandinavia's busiest passenger airport, handling over 25 million passengers in 2014.<ref name="cph">{{cite web|title=Group Annual Report 2014|url=https://www.cph.dk/globalassets/om-cph/investor/publikationer/arsraporter_uk/cph_uk_ar_report_2015_03_18_final.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616072050/http://www.cph.dk/globalassets/om-cph/investor/publikationer/arsraporter_uk/cph_uk_ar_report_2015_03_18_final.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=16 June 2015|website=cph.dk|publisher=Copenhagen Airports A/S|accessdate=19 August 2015|format=PDF|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other notable airports are [[Billund Airport]], [[Aalborg Airport]], and [[Aarhus Airport]].
==నైసర్గిక స్వరూపం==
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