జిబౌటి: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 124:
1990 ల ప్రారంభంలో ప్రభుత్వ ప్రాతినిధ్యంపై జిబౌటీ అధికార పార్టీ " పీపుల్స్ ర్యాలీ ఫర్ ప్రోగ్రెస్ (పిఆర్ పి), యూనిటీ అండ్ డెమోక్రసీ రిస్టోరేషన్ " పార్టీల మధ్య తలెత్తిన ఉద్రిక్తతలు సాయుధ పోరాటానికి దారితీశాయి. ఈ పోరాటం 2000 లో అధికార-భాగస్వామ్య ఒప్పందంలో ముగిసింది.<ref name=CIA/>
== Geography ==
{{main article|Geography of Djibouti}}
=== Location and habitat ===
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|total_width=300|image1=Satellite image of Djibouti in November 2001.jpg|250px|width1=700|height1=800|image2=Satellite images of Djibouti during the night.png|250px|width2=700|height2=700|footer=[[Satellite imagery|Satellite images]] of Djibouti during the day (left) and night (right)}}
Djibouti is situated in the [[Horn of Africa]] on the [[Gulf of Aden]] and the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]], at the southern entrance to the [[Red Sea]]. It lies between latitudes 10° and 13°N and longitudes 41° and 44°E, at the tripoint of the [[Somali Plate]], African Plate and [[Arabian Plate]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/96JB01185|title=Propagation of rifting along the Arabia‐Somalia plate boundary: The gulfs of Aden and Tadjoura|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth|volume=102|pages=2681–2710|year=1997|last1=Manighetti|first1=Isabelle|last2=Tapponnier|first2=Paul|last3=Courtillot|first3=Vincent|last4=Gruszow|first4=Sylvie|last5=Gillot|first5=Pierre-Yves}}</ref>
The country's coastline stretches {{convert|403|km|0|abbr=off}}, with terrain consisting mainly of plateau, plains and highlands. Djibouti has a total area of {{convert|23200|km2|sqmi|sigfig=1}}. Its borders extend {{convert|528|km|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|125|km|0|abbr=on}} of which are shared with [[Eritrea]], {{convert|342|km|0|abbr=on}} with [[Ethiopia]], and {{convert|61|km|0|abbr=on}} with [[Somalia]].<ref name=CIA/> Djibouti is the southernmost [[Arabian Plate country|country on the Arabian Plate]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Geothermal Resources Council|title=1985 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy, Volume 9, Part 1|date=1985|page=175}}</ref>
Djibouti has eight mountain ranges with peaks of over {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Hmid">[http://www.geonames.org/DJ/highest-mountains-in-djibouti.html Highest Mountains in Djibouti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016124008/http://www.geonames.org/DJ/highest-mountains-in-djibouti.html# |date=16 October 2013 }}. geonames.org</ref> The [[Mousa Ali]] range is considered the country's highest mountain range, with the tallest peak on the border with Ethiopia and Eritrea. It has an elevation of {{convert|2028|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="Hmid"/> The [[Grand Bara]] desert covers parts of southern Djibouti in the Arta, Ali Sabieh and Dikhil regions. The majority of it sits at a relatively low elevation, below {{convert|1700|ft|m||abbr=off}}.
Extreme geographic points include: to the north, Ras Doumera and the point at which the border with Eritrea enters the Red Sea in the Obock Region; to the east, a section of the Red Sea coast north of Ras Bir; to the south, a location on the border with Ethiopia west of the town of [[As Ela]]; and to the west, a location on the frontier with Ethiopia immediately east of the Ethiopian town of [[Afambo (woreda)|Afambo]].
Most of Djibouti is part of the [[Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands]] [[ecoregion]]. The exception is an eastern strip located along the Red Sea coast, which is part of the [[Eritrean coastal desert]].<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Eritrean coastal desert|id=at1304}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" caption="Landscapes of Djibouti">
File:Djib 003.JPG|[[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Assal]]
File:Traditional houses on the Mabla Mountains.jpg|Traditional houses on the [[Mabla Mountains]]
File:Lac Abbe-02.JPG|[[Lake Abbe]]
File:Sunset over Bay of Ghoubet - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg|Sunset over [[Ghoubbet-el-Kharab]]
</gallery>
=== Climate ===
[[File:Djibouti's map of Köppen climate classification.png|250px|right|thumb|Djibouti map of [[Köppen climate classification]].
<small>{{legend|#FF6700|[[Semi-arid climate]]}}</small>
<small>{{legend|#F10000|[[Arid climate]]}}</small>]]
Djibouti's [[climate]] is significantly warmer and has significantly less seasonal variation than the world average. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from {{convert|32|to|41|°C|°F}}, except at high elevations, where the effects of a cold offshore current can be felt. In [[Djibouti city]], for instance, average afternoon highs range from {{convert|28|to|34|°C|°F}} in April. Nationally, mean daily minimums usually vary from {{convert|15|to|30|°C|°F}}.<ref name="climate">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=DJ&name=Djibouti |title=Weatherbase : Djibouti |accessdate=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905100532/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=DJ&name=Djibouti# |archive-date=5 September 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
The greatest range in climate occurs in eastern Djibouti, where temperatures sometimes surpass {{convert|41|°C|0|abbr=on}} in July on the littoral plains and the freezing point during December in the highlands.<ref name="climate"/> In this region, relative humidity ranges from about 40% in the mid-afternoon to 85% at night, changing somewhat according to the season.
Djibouti's climate ranges from arid in the northeastern coastal regions to [[semiarid]] in the central, northern, western and southern parts of the country. On the eastern seaboard, annual rainfall is less than 5 inches (131 mm); in the central highlands, precipitation is about 8 to 11 inches (200 to 300 mm). The hinterland is significantly less humid than the coastal regions. The coast has the mildest climates in Djibouti.
The 2015 Djibouti climate change bill has set a goal for the country to generate 100% of its energy from clean renewable energy sources by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.climateactionprogramme.org/news/djibouti_to_source_100_of_its_energy_from_renewables_by_2020|title=Djibouti to source 100% of its energy from renewables by 2020|publisher=climateactionprogramme.org|accessdate=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720233019/http://www.climateactionprogramme.org/news/djibouti_to_source_100_of_its_energy_from_renewables_by_2020#|archive-date=20 July 2015|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily temperatures for the ten cities in Djibouti
|-
!Location
!July (°C)
!July (°F)
!January (°C)
!January (°F)
|-
|[[Djibouti City]] || 41/31 || 107/88 || 28/21 || 83/70
|-
|[[Ali Sabieh]] || 37/25 || 99/77 || 24/14 || 75/58
|-
|[[Tadjoura]] || 41/31 || 107/88 || 29/22 || 84/72
|-
|[[Dikhil]] || 38/26 || 101/80 || 29/19 || 84/66
|-
|[[Obock]] || 41/30 || 105/87 || 28/22 || 84/72
|-
|[[Arta, Djibouti|Arta]] || 37/26 || 99/79 || 24/14 || 76/58
|-
|[[Randa, Djibouti|Randa]] || 34/23 || 94/73 || 23/13 || 74/56
|-
|[[Holhol]] || 38/27 || 101/81 || 26/16 || 79/61
|-
|[[Ali Adde]] || 38/26 || 100/79 || 26/16 || 79/61
|-
|[[Airolaf]] || 31/19 || 88/67 || 22/10 || 71/51
|}
=== Wildlife ===
{{Main article|Wildlife of Djibouti}}
[[File:FrancolinusOchropectus.svg|thumb|right|The [[Djibouti francolin]], a [[critically endangered|critically endangered species]] living only in Djibouti.]]
The country's [[flora]] and [[fauna]] live in a harsh landscape with forest accounting for less than one percent of the total area of the country.<ref name=day>{{cite web|url=http://www.wfp.org/stories/le-p%C3%A8lerin-du-day|title=Le Pèlerin du Day|accessdate=27 February 2013|publisher=World Food Programme|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320080036/http://www.wfp.org/stories/le-p%C3%A8lerin-du-day#|archive-date=20 March 2012|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Wildlife is spread over three main regions, namely from the northern mountain region of the country to the volcanic plateaux in its southern and central part and culminating in the coastal region.
[[File:Goda Mountains - National Park of Forêt du Day.jpg|thumb|left|Plant species on the [[Day Forest National Park|Forêt du Day National Park]].]]
Most species of wildlife are found in the northern part of the country, in the ecosystem of the [[Day Forest National Park]]. At an average altitude of {{convert|1500|m|0|abbr=off}}, the area includes the Goda massif, with a peak of {{convert|1783|m|0|abbr=on}}. It covers an area of {{convert|3.5|km2|0|abbr=out}} of [[Juniperus procera]] forest, with many of the trees rising to {{convert|20|m|0|abbr=off}} height. This forest area is the main habitat of the endangered and endemic [[Djibouti francolin]] (a bird), and another recently noted vertebrate, ''Platyceps afarensis'' (a [[colubrine]] snake). It also contains many species of woody and herbaceous plants, including boxwood and olive trees, which account for 60% of the total identified species in the country.
According to the country profile related to biodiversity of wildlife in Djibouti, the nation contains more than 820 species of plants, 493 species of invertebrates, 455 species of fish, 40 species of reptiles, 3 species of amphibians, 360 species of birds and 66 species of mammals.<ref name=day/> Wildlife of Djibouti is also listed as part of [[Horn of Africa]] [[biodiversity hotspot]] and the [[Red Sea]] and [[Gulf of Aden]] [[coral reef]] hotspot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lntreasures.com/djibouti.html|title=Djibouti|accessdate=27 February 2013|publisher=Living National Treasures|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803140824/http://lntreasures.com/djibouti.html#|archive-date=3 August 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Mammals include several species of antelope, such as Soemmerring's gazelle and Pelzeln's gazelle. As a result of the hunting ban imposed since early 1970 these species are well conserved now. Other characteristic mammals are [[Grevy's zebra]], [[hamadryas baboon]] and [[Hunter's antelope]]. The [[warthog]], a vulnerable species, is also found in the Day National park. The coastal waters have dugongs and [[Abyssinian genet]]; the latter needs confirmation by further studies. [[Green turtle]]s and [[hawksbill turtle]]s are in the coastal waters where nestling also takes place.<ref name="Resourcesutviklingshjelp1989">{{cite book|author1=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|author2=Norway. Direktoratet for utviklingshjelp|title=The IUCN Sahel studies 1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jRmxGZhSt4C&pg=PA95|accessdate=28 May 2011|date=December 1989|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-977-8|pages=95, 104}}</ref><ref name="StuartAdams1990">{{cite book|author1=S. N. Stuart|author2=Richard J. Adams|title=Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and its Islands: Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGyrXpCbTX4C&pg=PA81|accessdate=28 May 2011|year=1990|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2|pages=81–82}}</ref> The [[Northeast African cheetah]] ''[[Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii]]'' is thought to be extinct in Djibouti.
== మూలాలు ==
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