జిబౌటి: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

 

దేశంలో ఉన్నత విద్యను అభ్యసించడానికి " జిబౌటి విశ్వవిద్యాలయం " స్థాపించబడింది.

[[File:Wood jar from Oue`a, Tadjoura, Djibouti.jpg|thumb|150px|Traditional wood-carved jar from [[Oued Ouea|Oue'a]] in the [[Tadjourah Region|Tadjourah]] region.]]

Djiboutian attire reflects the region's hot and arid climate. When not dressed in Western clothing such as jeans and T-shirts, men typically wear the ''macawiis'', which is a traditional [[sarong]]-like garment worn around the waist. Many nomadic people wear a loosely wrapped white cotton robe called a ''tobe'' that goes down to about the knee, with the end thrown over the shoulder (much like a Roman [[toga]]).

A lot of Djibouti's original art is passed on and preserved orally, mainly through song. Many examples of Islamic, Ottoman, and French influences can also be noted in the local buildings, which contain plasterwork, carefully constructed [[Motif (visual arts)|motifs]], and [[calligraphy]].

 

[[File:Oud - MIM PHX.jpg|thumb|180px|The [[oud]] is a common instrument in traditional Djibouti music.]]

Somalis have a rich musical heritage centered on traditional Somali [[folklore]]. Most Somali songs are [[Pentatonic scale|pentatonic]]. That is, they only use five [[Pitch (music)|pitches]] per [[octave]] in contrast to a [[Heptatonic scale|heptatonic]] (seven note) scale such as the [[major scale]]. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, [[Sudan]] or the [[Arabian Peninsula]], but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between lyricists (''midho''), songwriters (''laxan'') and singers (''codka'' or "voice"). [[Balwo]] is a Somali musical style centered on love themes that is popular in Djibouti.<ref>Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001) ''Culture and Customs of Somalia''. Greenwood Press. pp. 170–172. {{ISBN|9780313313332}}</ref>

Traditional Afar music resembles the folk music of other parts of the [[Horn of Africa]] such as [[Music of Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]; it also contains elements of [[Arabic music]]. The history of Djibouti is recorded in the poetry and songs of its nomadic people, and goes back thousands of years to a time when the peoples of Djibouti traded hides and skins for the perfumes and spices of ancient [[Egypt]], [[India]] and China. Afar oral literature is also quite musical. It comes in many varieties, including songs for weddings, war, praise and boasting.<ref name="expedition">{{cite web|url=http://expedition.bensenville.lib.il.us/Africa/Djibouti/culture.htm |title=Djibouti – Culture Overview|work=Expedition Earth|accessdate=28 September 2005 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040227041820/http://expedition.bensenville.lib.il.us/Africa/Djibouti/culture.htm |archivedate = 27 February 2004}} – ''Website no longer exists; link is to [[Internet Archive]]''</ref>

 

Djibouti has a long tradition of poetry. Several well-developed Somali forms of verse include the ''gabay'', ''jiifto'', ''geeraar'', ''wiglo'', ''buraanbur'', ''beercade'', ''afarey'' and ''guuraw''. The gabay (epic poem) has the most complex length and meter, often exceeding 100 lines. It is considered the mark of poetic attainment when a young poet is able to compose such verse, and is regarded as the height of poetry. Groups of memorizers and reciters (''hafidayaal'') traditionally propagated the well-developed art form. Poems revolve around several main themes, including ''baroorodiiq'' (elegy), ''amaan'' (praise), ''jacayl'' (romance), ''guhaadin'' (diatribe), ''digasho'' (gloating) and ''guubaabo'' (guidance). The baroorodiiq is composed to commemorate the death of a prominent poet or figure.<ref name=Abdullahi75>Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001) ''Culture and Customs of Somalia'', Greenwood Press. pp. 75–76. {{ISBN|9780313313332}}</ref> The Afar are familiar with the ''ginnili'', a kind of warrior-poet and diviner, and have a rich oral tradition of folk stories. They also have an extensive repertoire of battle songs.<ref name="Phillips">Phillips, Matt and Carillet, Jean-Bernard (2006) ''Lonely Planet Ethiopia and Eritrea'', Lonely Planet. p. 301. {{ISBN|9781741044362}}</ref>

 

Additionally, Djibouti has a long tradition of Islamic literature. Among the most prominent historical works is the medieval ''Futuh Al-Habash'' by Shihāb al-Dīn, which chronicles the [[Adal Sultanate]] army's [[Ethiopian-Adal War|conquest of Abyssinia]] during the 16th century.<ref name="Shihab">{{cite book|author=Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir ʻArabfaqīh, Translated by Paul Stenhouse, Richard Pankhurst|title=The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century|year=2003|publisher=Tsehai Publishers & Distributors|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> In recent years, a number of politicians and intellectuals have also penned memoirs or reflections on the country.

 

Football is the most popular sport amongst Djiboutians. The country became a member of [[FIFA]] in 1994, but has only taken part in the qualifying rounds for the [[African Cup of Nations]] as well as the [[FIFA World Cup]] in the mid-2000s. In November 2007, the [[Djibouti national football team]] beat [[Somalia national football team|Somalia's national squad]] 1–0 in the qualification rounds for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], marking its first ever World Cup-related win.

Recently, new sports are developing and being introduced, such as [[Archery]]. [[World Archery Federation]] has helped to implement the Djibouti Archery Federation, and an international archery training center is being created in [[Arta, Djibouti|Arta]] to support archery development in East Africa and Red Sea area.

 

[[File:Sambusadish.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A plate of ''[[samosa|sambusas]]'' a popular traditional snack.]]

[[Djiboutian cuisine]] is a mixture of [[Somali cuisine|Somali]], [[Afar people|Afar]], [[Yemeni cuisine|Yemeni]], and [[French cuisine]], with some additional [[South Asian cuisine|South Asian]] (especially [[Indian cuisine|Indian]]) culinary influences. Local dishes are commonly prepared using a lot of Middle Eastern spices, ranging from [[saffron]] to [[cinnamon]]. Grilled Yemeni fish, opened in half and often cooked in tandoori style ovens, are a local delicacy. Spicy dishes come in many variations, from the traditional ''Fah-fah'' or "''Soupe Djiboutienne''" (spicy boiled beef soup), to the ''yetakelt wet'' (spicy mixed vegetable stew). ''Xalwo'' (pronounced "halwo") or [[halva]] is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]] celebrations or wedding receptions. Halva is made from sugar, [[corn starch]], [[cardamom]] powder, [[nutmeg]] powder and [[ghee]]. Peanuts are sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor.<ref>Ali, Barlin (2007) ''Somali Cuisine''. AuthorHouse. p. 79. {{ISBN|9781425977061}}</ref> After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using [[incense]] (''cuunsi'') or [[frankincense]] (''lubaan''), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a ''[[dabqaad]]''.