టాంజానియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
Content deleted Content added
పంక్తి 171:
టాంజానియా భూభాగంలో దాదాపు 38% పరిరక్షణా ప్రాంతాలుగా పరిరక్షించబడుతోంది.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Ridwan Laher | author2=Korir SingíOei |title=Indigenous People in Africa.: Contestations, Empowerment and Group Rights | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZiyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 | date=2014 | publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa | isbn=978-0-7983-0464-1 | page=57}}</ref>
టాంజానియాలో 16 జాతీయ ఉద్యానవనాలు ఉన్నాయి.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ | title=Home | publisher=Tanzania National Parks | accessdate=16 October 2014 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085600/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ | archivedate=6 October 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> వివిధ రకాల వేటప్రాంతాలు, అటవీ నిల్వలు ఉన్నాయి. వీటిలో నగోరోంగోరో కన్జర్వేషను ఏరియా ఉంది. పశ్చిమ టాంజానియాలో గోమ్బే స్ట్రీం నేషనలు పార్కులో 1960 లో జానే గూడల్ చింపాంజీ ప్రవర్తన గురించి అధ్యయనం ప్రారంభించిన ప్రదేశం ఉంది.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html | title=Gombe Stream National Park | publisher=Tanzania National Parks | accessdate=16 October 2014 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004004545/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html | archivedate=4 October 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author1=Laura Riley | author2=William Riley | title=Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icMuBQhW4vgC | date= 2005 | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=978-0-691-12219-9}}</ref>
టాంజానియా అత్యధిక జీవవైవిధ్యం కలిగివుంది. ఇక్కడ అనేక రకాల జంతువుల ఆవాసాలు ఉన్నాయి.<ref>{{cite book | author1=S. N. Stuart | author2=Martin Jenkins | title=Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands: Conservation, Management, and Sustainable Use | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGyrXpCbTX4C&pg=PA204 | date=1990 | publisher=IUCN | isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2 | page=204}}</ref>
టాంజానియాలో సెరెంగెటి సాదా, తెల్లటి గడ్డం గల క్రూరమైన (కోనోకోటెసు టౌరినసు మేర్ర్డి), ఇతర బోవిడ్లు, జీబ్రా <ref>{{cite web |title=Serengeti wildebeest migration |url=https://www.expertafrica.com/tanzania/info/serengeti-wildebeest-migration |accessdate=20 March 2019}}</ref> ఒక భారీ స్థాయి వార్షిక వలసలో పాల్గొంటాయి. టాంజానియాలో సుమారు 130 ఉభయచరాలు, 275 సరీసృపాలు ఉన్నాయి. వీటిలో అనేకం అంతరించిపోతున్న జాబితాలో ఉన్నాయి.<ref>Edoarado Razzetti and Charles Andekia Msuya (2002) [http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf "Introduction"], ''Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Arusha National Park''. Tanzania National Parks. p. 11</ref>
==Economy and infrastructure==
{{Main|Economy of Tanzania|Poverty in Tanzania}}
[[File:Bank of Tanzania golden hour.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bank of Tanzania|Bank of Tanzania Twin Towers]]]]
{{As of|2018}}, according to the IMF, Tanzania's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) was an estimated $56.7 billion (nominal), or $176.5 billion on a [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP) basis. GDP per capita (PPP) was $3,457.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database April 2018|website=www.imf.org}}</ref>
From 2009 through 2013, Tanzania's per capita GDP (based on constant local currency) grew an average of 3.5% per year, higher than any other member of the [[East African Community]] (EAC) and exceeded by only nine countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Ghana]], [[Lesotho]], [[Liberia]], [[Mozambique]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Zambia]], and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG "GDP per capita growth (annual %)"]. World Bank.</ref>
Tanzania's largest trading partners in 2017 for its US$5.3 billion in exports were [[India]], [[Vietnam]], [[South Africa]], [[Switzerland]], and [[China]].<ref name="UND"/> Its imports totalled US$8.17 billion, with [[India]], [[Switzerland]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[China]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]] being the biggest partners.<ref name="UND"/>
[[File:The close view of the Kariakoo market in Dar es Salaam.JPG|thumb|The [[Kariakoo]] market in Dar es Salaam]]
Tanzania weathered the [[Great Recession]], which began in late 2008 or early 2009, relatively well. Strong gold prices, bolstering the country's [[Mining industry of Tanzania|mining industry]], and Tanzania's poor integration into global markets helped to insulate the country from the downturn.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1250}} Since the recession ended, the Tanzanian economy has expanded rapidly thanks to strong tourism, telecommunications, and banking sectors.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1250}}
According to the [[United Nations Development Program]], however, recent growth in the national economy has benefited only the "very few", leaving out the majority of the population.<ref>[http://www.tz.undp.org/content/tanzania/en/home/countryinfo "About Tanzania | UNDP in Tanzania"]. undp.org.</ref> Tanzania's 2013 [[Global Hunger Index]] was worse than any other country in the EAC except [[Burundi]].<ref name="GHI">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141106133439/http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ghi13.pdf "2013 Global Hunger Index"]. International Food Policy Research Institute. October 2013</ref>{{rp|page 15}} The proportion of persons who were undernourished in 2010–12 was also worse than any other EAC country except Burundi.<ref name="GHI"/>{{rp|page 51}}
===More about Tanzania===
Tanzania has made some progress towards reducing extreme hunger and malnutrition. The Global Hunger Index ranked the situation as “alarming” with a score of 42 in the year 2000, since then the GHI has declined to 29.5.<ref name="globalhungerindex.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/tanzania.html|title=Tanzania|website=Global Hunger Index - Official Website of the Peer-Reviewed Publication|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> Children in rural areas suffer substantially higher rates of malnutrition and chronic hunger, although urban-rural disparities have narrowed as regards both stunting and underweight.<ref name="Tanzania UNDP">{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/tanzania/en/home/countryinfo.html|title=About Tanzania|publisher=}}</ref> Low rural sector productivity arises mainly from inadequate infrastructure investment; limited access to farm inputs, extension services and credit; limited technology as well as trade and marketing support; and heavy dependence on rain-fed agriculture and natural resources.<ref name="Tanzania UNDP"/>
Approximately 68 percent of Tanzania's 44.9 million citizens live below the poverty line of $1.25 a day. 32 percent of the population are malnourished.<ref name="globalhungerindex.org"/> The most prominent challenges Tanzania faces in poverty reduction are unsustainable harvesting of its natural resources, unchecked cultivation, climate change and water- source encroachment, according to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).<ref name="Tanzania">{{cite web|url=http://www.heifer.org/ending-hunger/our-work/countries/africa/tanzania.html|title=Heifer's Work in Tanzania – Heifer International – Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty|publisher=}}</ref>
There are very few resources for Tanzanians in terms of credit services, infrastructure or availability to improved agricultural technologies, which further exacerbates hunger and poverty in the country according to the UNDP.<ref name="Tanzania"/> Tanzania ranks 159 out of 187 countries in poverty according to the United Nation's Human Development Index (2014).<ref name="Tanzania"/>
===Agriculture===
{{main|Agriculture in Tanzania}}
[[File:Tea fields, Tukuyu, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Tea fields in Tukuyu]]
The Tanzanian economy is heavily based on agriculture, which in 2013 accounted for 24.5 percent of gross domestic product,<ref name="Abstract">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbs.go.tz:80/nbs/Stastical%20Abstract/Statistical%20Abstract%20Report%202013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123044258/http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/Stastical%20Abstract/Statistical%20Abstract%20Report%202013.pdf#|dead-url=yes|archive-date=23 November 2016|title=Statistical Abstract 2013, National Bureau of Statistics|publisher=Tanzania Ministry of Finance|date=July 2014|access-date=23 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{rp|page 37}} provides 85% of exports,<ref name="factbook"/> and accounted for half of the employed workforce;<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 56}} The agricultural sector grew 4.3 percent in 2012, less than half of the [[Millennium Development Goal]] target of 10.8%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mof.go.tz/mofdocs/news/latest%20news/MAIR%202012_13(upload).pdf|title=MKUKUTA Annual Implementation Report 2012/13|publisher=Tanzania Ministry of Finance|date= November 2013|page=11}}</ref> 16.4 percent of the land is [[Arable land|arable]],<ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS "Arable land (% of land area)"]. World Bank.</ref> with 2.4 percent of the land planted with [[permanent crop]]s.<ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.CROP.ZS "Permanent cropland (% of land area)"]. World Bank. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107032438/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.CROP.ZS |date=7 January 2015 }}</ref> Tanzania's economy relies on farming, but climate change has impacted their farming.
Maize was the largest food crop on the Tanzania mainland in 2013 (5.17 million tonnes), followed by cassava (1.94 million tonnes), sweet potatoes (1.88 million tonnes), beans (1.64 million tonnes), bananas (1.31 million tonnes), rice (1.31 million tonnes), and millet (1.04 million tonnes).<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 58}} Sugar was the largest [[cash crop]] on the mainland in 2013 (296,679 tonnes), followed by cotton (241,198 tonnes), cashew nuts (126,000 tonnes), tobacco (86,877 tonnes), coffee (48,000 tonnes), sisal (37,368 tonnes), and tea (32,422 tonnes).<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 58}} Beef was the largest meat product on the mainland in 2013 (299,581 tonnes), followed by lamb/mutton (115,652 tonnes), chicken (87,408 tonnes), and pork (50,814 tonnes).<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 60}}
According to the 2002 National Irrigation Master Plan, 29.4 million hectares in Tanzania are suitable for irrigation farming; however, only 310,745 hectares were actually being irrigated in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php?l=36093 | title=Irrigation will give us more food by 2015 – govt | date=5 December 2011 | accessdate=19 February 2014 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022040833/http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php?l=36093 | archivedate=22 October 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Industry, energy and construction===
{{Main|Energy in Tanzania|Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania|Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania}}
{{see also|List of companies of Tanzania}}
{{multiple image
|align= right
|direction= vertical
|width= 200
|image1= Williamson Diamond Mine, Mwazui, Tanzania.JPG
|caption1=[[Williamson diamond mine]]
|image2= Songo Songo Gas Plant.jpg
|caption2= [[Songo Songo Island|Songo Songo]] Gas Plant
|image3=
|caption3=
|header=
|header_align= centre
}}
Industry and construction is a major and growing component of the Tanzanian economy, contributing 22.2 percent of GDP in 2013.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 37}} This component includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity and natural gas, water supply, and construction.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 37}} Mining contributed 3.3 percent of GDP in 2013.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 33}} The vast majority of the country's mineral export revenue comes from gold, accounting for 89 percent of the value of those exports in 2013.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 71}} It also exports sizeable quantities of gemstones, including [[diamonds]] and [[tanzanite]].<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1251}} All of Tanzania's [[coal]] production, which totalled 106,000 short tons in 2012, is used domestically.<ref name="EIA"/>
Only 15 percent of Tanzanians had access to electric power in 2011.<ref name="data.worldbank.org">[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS "Access to electricity (% of population)"]. World Bank. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412100001/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |date=12 April 2012 }}</ref> The government-owned [[TANESCO|Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited]] (TANESCO) dominates the electric supply industry in Tanzania.<ref name="EWURA-El">[http://www.ewura.go.tz/newsite/index.php/2012-03-09-08-22-52/electricity "Electricity"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023170705/http://www.ewura.go.tz/newsite/index.php/2012-03-09-08-22-52/electricity |date=23 October 2014 }}. ''ewura.go.tz''. 9 March 2012</ref> The country generated 6.013 billion [[kilowatt hours]] (kWh) of electricity in 2013, a 4.2 percent increase over the 5.771 billion kWh generated in 2012.<ref name="BudEx">{{cite web|url=http://www.mof.go.tz/mofdocs/budget/Budget%20Execution%20Report/BER%20January%20-%20March%202014%20Final.pdf|title="Quarterly Economic Review and Budget Execution Report for Fiscal Year 2013/14: January–March 2014", Tanzania Ministry of Finance, May 2014, accessed 11 November 2014|publisher=}}</ref>{{rp|page 4}} Generation increased by 63 percent between 2005 and 2012;<ref name="2012Elec"/><ref>[http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=TANZANIA&product=electricityandheat&year=2005 "Tanzania: Electricity and Heat for 2005"]. iea.org. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026122145/http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2005&country=TANZANIA&product=ElectricityandHeat |date=26 October 2014 }}</ref> Almost 18 percent of the electricity generated in 2012 was lost because of theft and transmission and distribution problems.<ref name="2012Elec">[http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=TANZANIA&product=ElectricityandHeat "Tanzania: Electricity and Heat for 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828102429/http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?year=2012&country=TANZANIA&product=ElectricityandHeat |date=28 August 2018 }}. iea.org.</ref> The electrical supply varies, particularly when droughts disrupt hydropower electric generation; rolling blackouts are implemented as necessary.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1251}}<ref name="EWURA-El"/> The unreliability of the electrical supply has hindered the development of Tanzanian industry.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1251}} In 2013, 49.7 percent of Tanzania's electricity generation came from natural gas, 28.9 percent from hydroelectric sources, 20.4 percent from thermal sources, and 1.0 percent from outside the country.<ref name="BudEx"/>{{rp|page 5}} The government has built a {{convert|532|km}} gas pipeline from [[Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park|Mnazi Bay]] to Dar es Salaam.<ref>ashery mkama. [http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/biz/36257-gas-connection-to-dar-houses-faces-hurdles "DailyNews Online Edition"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029034136/http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/biz/36257-gas-connection-to-dar-houses-faces-hurdles |date=29 October 2014 }}. ''DailyNews Online Edition''.</ref> This pipeline was expected to allow the country to double its electricity generation capacity to 3,000 megawatts by 2016.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141024091801/http://m.allafrica.com/stories/201409170608.html/ "Tanzania: Govt Signs Gas Supply Deal to Double Power Generation"]. allAfrica.com. 17 September 2014</ref> The government's goal is to increase capacity to at least 10,000 megawatts by 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gst.go.tz/images/TANZANIA%20ELECTRICITY%20SUPPLY%20INDUSTRY%20REFORM%20STRATEGY%20&%20ROADMAP.pdf|title=Electricity Supply Industry Reform Strategy and Roadmap 2014–2025, Tanzania Ministry of Energy and Minerals, 30 June 2014, page i, accessed 26 October 2014|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324111701/http://gst.go.tz/images/TANZANIA%20ELECTRICITY%20SUPPLY%20INDUSTRY%20REFORM%20STRATEGY%20%26%20ROADMAP.pdf|archivedate=24 March 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Nyerere Bridge - Kigamboni .jpg|thumb|Nyerere Bridge in Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam, is Tanzania's (and East Africa's) only suspension bridge.]]
According to [[PFC Energy]], 25 to 30 trillion cubic feet of recoverable natural gas resources have been discovered in Tanzania since 2010,<ref name="EIA">{{cite web | url=https://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=tz | title=International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)}}</ref> bringing the total reserves to over 43 trillion cubic feet by the end of 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tpdc-tz.com/OIL%20and%20GAS%20EXPLORATION.pdf | title=OIL and GAS EXPLORATION.pdf | accessdate=9 April 2015 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227104800/http://www.tpdc-tz.com/OIL%20and%20GAS%20EXPLORATION.pdf | archivedate=27 December 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The value of natural gas actually produced in 2013 was US$52.2 million, a 42.7 percent increase over 2012.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 73}}
Commercial production of gas from the Songo Songo Island field in the Indian Ocean commenced in 2004, thirty years after it was discovered there.<ref name="EABrief">{{cite web | url=https://www.eia.gov/countries/regions-topics2.cfm?fips=EEAE | title=International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510163804/http://www.eia.gov/countries/regions-topics2.cfm?fips=EEAE | archivedate=10 May 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="EWURA-Ng">[http://www.ewura.go.tz/newsite/index.php/2012-03-09-08-22-52/natural-gas "Natural Gas"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023143420/http://www.ewura.go.tz/newsite/index.php/2012-03-09-08-22-52/natural-gas |date=23 October 2014 }}. ''ewura.go.tz''. 9 March 2012</ref> Over 35 billion cubic feet of gas was produced from this field in 2013,<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 72}} with proven, probable, and possible reserves totalling 1.1 trillion cubic feet.<ref name="EWURA-Ng"/> The gas is transported by pipeline to Dar es Salaam.<ref name="EABrief"/> As of 27 August 2014, TANESCO owed the operator of this field, Orca Exploration Group Inc.<ref>[http://www.orcaexploration.com/pdfs/2014_Orca_Q2.pdf "2014 Q2 Report for the Quarter Ended June 30 2014 and 2013"], Orca Exploration Group Inc., p. 3</ref>
A newer natural gas field in Mnazi Bay in 2013 produced about one-seventh of the amount produced near Songo Songo Island<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 73}} but has proven, probable, and possible reserves of 2.2 trillion cubic feet.<ref name="EWURA-Ng"/> Virtually all of that gas is being used for electricity generation in [[Mtwara]].<ref name="EABrief"/>
The Ruvuma and Nyuna regions of Tanzania have been explored mostly by the discovery company that holds a 75 percent interest, Aminex, and has shown to hold in excess of 3.5 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. A pipeline connecting offshore natural gas fields to Tanzania's commercial capital Dar es Salaam was completed at the end of April 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.energyglobal.com/pipelines/project-news/01042015/Tanzania-gas-pipe-finished-but-not-in-service/ | title=Tanzania gas pipe: finished but not in service | accessdate=9 April 2015| date=April 2015 }}</ref>
===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Tanzania}}
[[File:Uhuru Peak Mt. Kilimanjaro 1.JPG|thumb|The snowcapped [[Uhuru Peak]]]]
Travel and tourism contributed 17.5 percent of Tanzania's gross domestic product in 2016<ref name=":1">{{Cite news | url=https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/tourism/tourist-arrivals-reach-2016 | title=Tanzania Tourist Arrivals Increase by 12.9% in 2016 to Reach 1,28 M – TanzaniaInvest | date=26 May 2017 | work=TanzaniaInvest | accessdate=12 August 2017 | language=en-US}}</ref> and employed 11.0 percent of the country's labour force (1,189,300 jobs) in 2013.<ref name="Knoema">[http://knoema.com/WTTC2013/world-travel-and-tourism-council-data-2013 "World Travel and Tourism Council Data, 2013"]. ''Knoema''.</ref> Overall receipts rose from US$1.74 billion in 2004 to US$4.48 billion in 2013,<ref name="Knoema"/> and receipts from international tourists rose from US$1.255 billion in 2010 to US$2 billion in 2016.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights14_en_hr_0.pdf | title=''UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2014 Edition'', United Nations World Tourism Organization, page 11, accessed 17 November 2014 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208040125/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights14_en_hr_0.pdf | archivedate=8 February 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2016, 1,284,279 tourists arrived at Tanzania's borders compared to 590,000 in 2005.<ref name="UND">{{Cite web|url=https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/tza/|title=OEC - Tanzania (TZA) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners|website=atlas.media.mit.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> The vast majority of tourists visit Zanzibar or a "northern circuit" of [[Serengeti National Park]], the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], [[Tarangire National Park]], [[Lake Manyara National Park]], and [[Mount Kilimanjaro]].<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1252}} In 2013, the most visited national park was Serengeti (452,485 tourists), followed by Manyara (187,773) and Tarangire (165,949).<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page xx}}
===Banking===
The [[Bank of Tanzania]] is the [[central bank]] of Tanzania and is primarily responsible for maintaining price stability, with a subsidiary responsibility for issuing [[Tanzanian shilling]] notes and coins.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bot-tz.org/AboutBOT/BOTFunction.asp | title=About the Bank — Primary Objective and Function of the Bank | publisher=Bank of Tanzania | accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref> At the end of 2013, the total assets of the Tanzanian banking industry were 19.5 trillion Tanzanian shillings, a 15 percent increase over 2012.<ref>[https://www.bot-tz.org/BankingSupervision/Reports/DBS%2520ANNUAL%2520REPORT%25202013.pdf Annual Report 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005083304/http://www.bot-tz.org/BankingSupervision/Reports/DBS%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202013.pdf |date=5 October 2014 }}. Directorate of Banking Supervision, Bank of Tanzania, p. 5</ref>
===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Tanzania}}
{{multiple image
|align= right
|direction= vertical
|width= 180
|image3= Songwe Airport.jpg
|caption3= [[Air Tanzania]] is the country's [[flag carrier]].
|image1= Trunk road Tanzania.jpg
|caption1= One of the main trunk roads
|header_align= centre
}}
Most transport in Tanzania is by road, with road transport constituting over 75 percent of the country's freight traffic and 80 percent of its passenger traffic.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1252}} The {{convert|86500|km}} road system is in generally poor condition.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1252}} Tanzania has two railway companies: [[TAZARA]], which provides service between Dar es Salaam and [[Kapiri Mposhi]] (in a copper-mining district in Zambia), and [[Tanzania Railways Limited]], which connects Dar es Salaam with central and northern Tanzania.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1252}} Rail travel in Tanzania often entails slow journeys with frequent cancellations or delays, and the railways have a deficient safety record.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1252}}
In Dar es Salaam, there is a huge project of rapid buses, [[Dar Rapid Transit Agency|Dar Rapid Transit (DART)]] which connects suburbs of [[Dar es Salaam]] city. The development of the DART system consists of six phases and is funded by the African Development Bank, the World Bank and the Government of Tanzania. The first phase began in April 2012, and it was completed in December 2015 and launched operations in May 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/transport/dart-bus-rapid-transit-launch-dar|title=Dar Es Salaam Officially Launch Bus Rapid Transit System – TanzaniaInvest|date=27 January 2017|publisher=}}</ref>
Tanzania has four international airports, along with over 100 small airports or landing strips. Airport infrastructure tends to be in poor condition.<ref name="frame" />{{rp|page 1253}} Airlines in Tanzania include [[Air Tanzania]], [[Precision Air]], [[Fastjet]], [[Coastal Aviation]], and [[ZanAir]].<ref name="frame" />{{rp|page 1253}}
===Communications===
{{Main|Telecommunications in Tanzania}}
In 2013, the communications sector was the fastest growing in Tanzania, expanding 22.8 percent; however, the sector accounted for only 2.4 percent of gross domestic product that year.<ref name="BudEx"/>{{rp|page 2}}
As of 2011, Tanzania had 56 mobile telephone subscribers per 100 inhabitants, a rate slightly above the sub-Saharan average.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1253}} Very few Tanzanians have fixed-line telephones.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1253}} Approximately 12 percent of Tanzanians used the internet {{As of|2011|lc=y}}, though this number is growing rapidly.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1253}} The country has a fibre-optic cable network that replaced unreliable satellite service, but internet bandwidth remains very low.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1253}}
=== Water supply and sanitation ===
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania}}
[[File:Gross domestic expenditure on Research and Development GDP ratio in Southern Africa, 2012 or closest year.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gross_domestic_expenditure_on_Research_and_Development_GDP_ratio_in_Southern_Africa,_2012_or_closest_year.svg|thumb|Domestic expenditure on research in Southern Africa as a percentage of GDP, 2012 or closest year. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 20.3]]
Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania has been characterised by decreasing access to [[improved water source]]s in the 2000s (especially in urban areas), steady access to some form of sanitation (around 93 percent since the 1990s), intermittent water supplies, and generally low quality of service.<ref name="mowi">Ministry of Water and Irrigation [https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005638/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=2009%20Water%20Sector%20Status%20Report.pdf&directory=Reports& Water Sector Status Report 2009] retrieved Feb 2010</ref> Many utilities are barely able to cover their operation and maintenance costs through revenues because of low tariffs and poor efficiency. There are significant [[Regions of Tanzania|regional]] differences, with the best performing utilities being [[Arusha]], [[Moshi, Tanzania|Moshi]], and [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]].<ref name="pubexp">Caroline van den Berg, Eileen Burke, Leonard Chacha and Flora Kessy, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111006005715/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?action=downloadfile&filename=Public%20Expenditure%20Review%20Report%202009.pdf&directory=Reports& Public Expenditure Review of the Water Sector], September 2009</ref>
The government of Tanzania has embarked on a major sector reform process since 2002. An ambitious National Water Sector Development Strategy that promotes [[Integrated Water Resources Management|integrated water resources management]] and the development of urban and rural water supply was adopted in 2006. Decentralisation has meant that responsibility for water and sanitation service provision has shifted to local government authorities and is carried out by 20 urban utilities and about 100 district utilities, as well as by Community Owned Water Supply Organisations in rural areas.<ref name="mowi"/>
These reforms have been backed by a significant increase of the budget starting in 2006, when the water sector was included among the priority sectors of the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty . The Tanzanian water sector remains heavily dependent on external donors, with 88 percent of the available funds being provided by external donor organisations.<ref name="NWSDS">[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&direction=0&order=&directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015], retrieved 23 February 2010 {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&direction=0&order=&directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}</ref> Results have been mixed. For example, a report by [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]] noted that "despite heavy investments brought in by the [[World Bank]] and the [[European Union]], (the utility serving [[Dar es Salaam]]) has remained one of the worst performing water entities in Tanzania."<ref name="GIZ">[[Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]]:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 2008, pp. 8–9</ref>
==చిత్రమాలిక==
| |||