దక్షిణాఫ్రికా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
Content deleted Content added
పంక్తి 192:
<ref name="unhcr.org" /> జెనోఫోబియా ఇప్పటికీ ఒక సమస్యగా ఉన్నప్పటికీ ఇటీవల హింస మొదట భయపడినంతగా వ్యాపించలేదు. <ref name="unhcr.org" /> అయినప్పటికీ దక్షిణాఫ్రికా జాతివిషయాల సమస్యలను ఎదుర్కొంటున్నందున ప్రతిపాదిత పరిష్కారాలలో పెండింగులో ఉన్న హేటు క్రైమ్సు, ద్వేషపూరిత ప్రసంగ బిల్లు వంటివి అనుమతించబడాలని పేర్కొనబడింది.
<ref>Harris, Bronwyn (2004). ''Arranging prejudice: Exploring hate crime in post-apartheid South Africa''. Cape Town.</ref><ref>Traum, Alexander (2014). "Contextualising the hate speech debate: the United States and South Africa". ''The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa''. '''47''' (1): 64–88.</ref>
== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of South Africa}}
[[File:Southern African Central Plateau.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|A map of South Africa showing the main topographic features: the Central Plateau edged by the [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]], and the [[Cape Fold Belt]] in the south-west corner of the country]]
[[File:Regions of South Africa 1.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Important geographical regions in South Africa. The thick line traces the course of the [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]] which edges the central plateau. The eastern portion of this line, coloured red, is known as the [[Drakensberg]]. The Escarpment rises to its highest point, at over {{convert|abbr=on|3000|m|ft}}, where the Drakensberg forms the border between [[KwaZulu-Natal]] and [[Lesotho]]. None of the regions indicated on the map has a sharp well-defined border, except where the Escarpment or a range of mountains forms a clear dividing line between two regions. Some of the better known regions are coloured in; the others are simply indicated by their names, as they would be in an atlas]]
South Africa is located at the southernmost region of Africa, with a long coastline that stretches more than {{convert|abbr=on|2500|km|mi|0}} and along two oceans (the South Atlantic and the Indian). At {{convert|abbr=on|1219912|km2|sqmi}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html?countryName=South%20Africa&countryCode=sf®ionCode=af&rank=32#sf|title=Country Comparison|website=World Factbook|publisher=CIA}}</ref> according to the UN Demographic Yearbook,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2015.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics|website=unstats.un.org|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref> South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world. It is about the same size as [[Colombia]], twice the size of [[France]], three times as big as [[Japan]], four times the size of [[Italy]] and five times the size of the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://southafrica-info.com/how-big-is-south-africa/|title=How big is South Africa? |date=2017-11-23|work=South Africa Gateway|access-date=2017-12-12|language=en-GB|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084551/https://southafrica-info.com/how-big-is-south-africa/|archivedate=12 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[Mafadi]] in the [[Drakensberg]] at {{convert|abbr=on|3450|m|ft}} is the highest peak in South Africa. Excluding the [[Prince Edward Islands]], the country lies between latitudes [[22nd parallel south|22°]] and [[35th parallel south|35°S]], and longitudes [[16th meridian east|16°]] and [[33rd meridian east|33°E]].
The interior of South Africa consists of a vast, in most places almost flat, plateau with an altitude of between {{convert|abbr=on|1000|m|ft}} and {{convert|abbr=on|2100|m|ft}}, highest in the east and sloping gently downwards towards the west and north, and slightly less noticeably so to the south and south-west.<ref>McCarthy, T. & Rubidge, B. (2005). ''The story of earth and life''. p. 263, 267-268. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.</ref> This plateau is surrounded by the [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]]<ref name="Altas">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 13. Readers Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> whose eastern, and highest, stretch is known as the [[Drakensberg]].<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Micropaedia Vol. III, p. 655. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago.</ref>
The south and south-western parts of the plateau (at approximately 1100{{ndash}}1800{{nbsp}}m above sea level), and the adjoining plain below (at approximately 700{{ndash}}800{{nbsp}}m above sea level{{snds}}see map on the right) is known as the [[Karoo|Great Karoo]], which consists of sparsely populated [[scrubland]]. To the north the Great Karoo fades into the even drier and more arid Bushmanland, which eventually becomes the [[Kalahari]] desert in the very north-west of the country. The mid-eastern, and highest part of the plateau is known as the [[Highveld]]. This relatively well-watered area is home to a great proportion of the country's commercial farmlands, and contains its largest conurbation (Gauteng). To the north of Highveld, from about the 25°{{nbsp}}30'{{nbsp}}S line of latitude, the plateau slopes downwards into the [[Bushveld]], which ultimately gives way to the Limpopo lowlands or [[Veld#Highveld and Lowveld|Lowveld]].<ref name="Altas" />
[[File:Karoo Koppies.png|thumb|left|upright=2|Flat topped hills (called Karoo ''Koppies'') are highly characteristic of the southern and southwestern [[Karoo]] landscape. These hills are capped by hard, erosion resistant [[dolerite]] [[Sill (geology)|sills]]. This is solidified lava that was forced under high pressure between the horizontal [[Stratum|strata]] of the [[sedimentary rock]]s that make up most of the [[Karoo Supergroup|Karoo's geology]] about 180{{nbsp}}million years ago. Since then, Southern Africa has undergone a prolonged period of erosion removing the relatively soft Karoo rocks, except where they are protected by a cap of dolerite. This photograph was taken near [[Cradock, Eastern Cape|Cradock]] in the Eastern Cape]]
The coastal belt, below the Great Escarpment, moving clockwise from the northeast, consists of the Limpopo Lowveld, which merges into the Mpumalanga Lowveld, below the Mpumalanga Drakensberg (the eastern portion of the Great Escarpment).<ref>Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 186. Readers Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> This is hotter, drier and less intensely cultivated than the Highveld above the escarpment.<ref name="Altas" /> The [[Kruger National Park]], located in the provinces of Limpopo and Mpumalanga in northeastern South Africa, occupies a large portion of the Lowveld covering 19,633 square kilometres (7,580 sq mi.) <ref name="Kruger National Park">{{cite web|title=Kruger National Park |url=http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/ |publisher=Africa.com |accessdate=16 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218164142/http://www.africa.com/south-africa/travel/what-to-do/ |archivedate=18 December 2014 |df= }}</ref> South of the Lowveld the annual rainfall increases as one enters KwaZulu-Natal Province, which, especially near the coast, is [[Subtropics|subtropically]] hot and humid. The KwaZulu-Natal–Lesotho international border is formed by the highest portion of the Great Escarpment, or Drakensberg, which reaches an altitude of over {{convert|abbr=on|3000|m|ft}}.<ref>Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 151. Readers Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> The climate at the foot of this part of the Drakensberg is temperate.
[[File:South Africa - Drakensberg (16261357780).jpg|thumb|alt=Image depicting the Drakensberg|[[Drakensberg]], the eastern and highest portion of the [[Great Escarpment, Southern Africa|Great Escarpment]] which surrounds the east, south and western borders of the central plateau of Southern Africa]]
The coastal belt below the south and south-western stretches of the Great Escarpment contains several ranges of [[Cape Fold Belt|Cape Fold Mountains]] which run parallel to the coast, separating the Great Escarpment from the ocean.<ref>McCarthy, T. & Rubidge, B. (2005). ''The story of earth and life''. p. 194. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.</ref><ref name="geological map">Geological map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa.</ref> (These parallel ranges of fold mountains are shown on the map, above left. Note the course of the Great Escarpment to the north of these mountain ranges.) The land (at approximately 400{{ndash}}500{{nbsp}}m above sea level) between two of these ranges of fold mountains in the south (i.e. between the [[Outeniqua Mountains|Outeniqua]] and [[Langeberg]] ranges to the south and the [[Swartberg]] range to the north) is known as the [[Karoo|Little Karoo]],<ref name="Altas" /> which consists of semi-desert scrubland similar to that of the Great Karoo, except that its northern strip along the foothills of the Swartberg Mountains, has a somewhat higher rainfall and is therefore more cultivated than the Great Karoo. The Little Karoo is historically, and still, famous for its [[ostrich]] farming around the town of [[Oudtshoorn]]. The lowland area (700{{ndash}}800{{nbsp}}m above sea level) to the north of the Swartberg mountain range up to the Great Escarpment is the lowland part of the Great Karoo (see map at top right), which is climatically and botanically almost indistinguishable from the Karoo above the Great Escarpment. The narrow coastal strip between the most seaward Cape Fold Mountain range (i.e., the Langeberg{{ndash}}Outeniqua mountains) and the ocean has a moderately high year-round rainfall, especially in the [[George, Western Cape|George]]-[[Knysna]]-[[Plettenberg Bay]] region, which is known as the [[Garden Route]]. It is famous for the most extensive areas of indigenous forests in South Africa (a generally forest-poor country).
In the south-west corner of the country, the [[Cape Peninsula]] forms the southernmost tip of the coastal strip which borders the Atlantic Ocean, and ultimately terminates at the country's border with Namibia at the [[Orange River]]. The [[Cape Peninsula]] has a [[Mediterranean climate]], making it and its immediate surrounds the only portion of [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Africa south of the Sahara]] which receives most of its rainfall in winter.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (1975); Micropaedia Vol. VI, p. 750. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago.</ref><ref name="Altas1">Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 19. Readers Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> The greater [[City of Cape Town|Cape Town metropolitan area]] is situated on the Cape Peninsula and is home to 3.7{{nbsp}}million people according to the 2011 population census. It is the country's legislative capital.
[[File:Namaqualand, Goegap 0035.jpg|thumb|left|Spring flowers in [[Namaqualand]]]]
The coastal belt to the north of the Cape Peninsula is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and the first row of north-south running Cape Fold Mountains to the east. The Cape Fold Mountains peter out at about the 32°{{nbsp}}S line of latitude,<ref name="geological map" /> after which the coastal plain is bounded by the Great Escarpment itself. The most southerly portion of this coastal belt is known as the [[Swartland]] and Malmesbury Plain, which is an important wheat growing region, relying on winter rains. The region further north is known as [[Namaqualand]],<ref>Atlas of Southern Africa. (1984). p. 113. Readers Digest Association, Cape Town</ref> which becomes more and more arid as one approaches the [[Orange River]]. The little rain that falls tends to fall in winter,<ref name="Altas1" /> which results in one of the world's most spectacular displays of flowers carpeting huge stretches of ''[[veld]]'' in spring (August{{ndash}}September).
[[File:Cape Floral Region Protected Areas-114212.jpg|thumb|[[Cape Floral Region Protected Areas]]]]
South Africa also has one possession, the small [[Subantarctic|sub-Antarctic]] [[archipelago]] of the Prince Edward Islands, consisting of [[Marion Island]] ({{convert|abbr=on|290|km2|sqmi|disp=or}}) and Prince Edward Island ({{convert|abbr=on|45|km2|sqmi|disp=or}}) (not to be confused with the [[Prince Edward Island|Canadian province of the same name]]).
=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of South Africa}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map ZAF present.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of South Africa]]
South Africa has a generally [[temperate climate]], due in part to being surrounded by the Atlantic and Indian Oceans on three sides, by its location in the climatically milder [[Southern Hemisphere]] and due to the average elevation rising steadily towards the north (towards the [[equator]]) and further inland. Due to this varied topography and oceanic influence, a great variety of climatic zones exist. The climatic zones range from the extreme desert of the southern [[Namib Desert|Namib]] in the farthest northwest to the lush subtropical climate in the east along the border with Mozambique and the Indian Ocean. Winters in South Africa occur between June and August.
The extreme southwest has a climate remarkably similar to that of the Mediterranean with wet winters and hot, dry summers, hosting the famous [[fynbos]] [[biome]] of [[shrubland]] and [[Albany thickets|thicket]]. This area also produces much of the wine in South Africa. This region is also particularly known for its wind, which blows intermittently almost all year. The severity of this wind made passing around the Cape of Good Hope particularly treacherous for sailors, causing many shipwrecks. Further east on the south coast, rainfall is distributed more evenly throughout the year, producing a green landscape. This area is popularly known as the [[Garden Route]].
The Free State is particularly flat because it lies centrally on the high plateau. North of the [[Vaal River]], the Highveld becomes better watered and does not experience subtropical extremes of heat. Johannesburg, in the centre of the Highveld, is at {{convert|abbr=on|1740|m|ft|0}} above sea level and receives an annual rainfall of {{convert|abbr=on|760|mm|in|1}}. Winters in this region are cold, although snow is rare.
The high Drakensberg mountains, which form the south-eastern escarpment of the Highveld, offer limited skiing opportunities in winter. The coldest place on mainland South Africa is [[Sutherland, Northern Cape|Sutherland]] in the western [[Roggeveld Mountains]], where midwinter temperatures can reach as low as {{convert|abbr=on|-15|C|F}}. The Prince Edward Islands have colder average annual temperatures, but Sutherland has colder extremes. The deep interior of mainland South Africa has the hottest temperatures: a temperature of {{convert|abbr=on|51.7|C|F|2}} was recorded in 1948 in the Northern Cape Kalahari near [[Upington, Northern Cape|Upington]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.safrica.info/about/geography/geography.htm |title=South Africa's geography |publisher=Safrica.info |accessdate=30 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608121736/http://www.safrica.info/about/geography/geography.htm |archivedate=8 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> but this temperature is unofficial and was not recorded with standard equipment, the official highest temperature is {{convert|abbr=on|48.8|C|F|2}} at [[Vioolsdrif]] in January 1993.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Africa yearbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMdzAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=South African Communication Service|page=3}}</ref>
=== Biodiversity ===
{{See also|Wildlife of South Africa|Protected areas of South Africa|Marine biodiversity of South Africa}}
South Africa signed the Rio [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] on 4 June 1994, and became a party to the convention on 2 November 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/ |title=List of Parties |accessdate=8 December 2012}}</ref> It has subsequently produced a [[Biodiversity action plan|National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan]], which was received by the convention on 7 June 2006.<ref name="cbd.int">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/cm/cm-nbsap-01-p1-en.pdf |title=South Africa's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan |accessdate=10 December 2012}}</ref> The country is ranked sixth out of the world's seventeen [[megadiverse countries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://institutoaqualung.com.br/info_biodiversidade23.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101120514/http://institutoaqualung.com.br/info_biodiversidade23.html |archivedate= 1 November 2010 |title=Biodiversity of the world by countries |publisher=Institutoaqualung.com.br |accessdate=30 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
==== Animals ====
[[File:South African Giraffes, fighting.jpg|thumb|[[South African giraffe]], Kruger National Park]]
[[File:African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) male with Oxpecker.jpg|alt=African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) male with red-billed oxpecker (Buphagus erythrorhynchus), Phinda Private Game Reserve, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa|thumb|[[African buffalo]] (''Syncerus caffer'') male with [[red-billed oxpecker]] (''Buphagus erythrorhynchus''), [[Phinda Private Game Reserve]], KwaZulu Natal, South Africa]]
Numerous mammals are found in the [[Bushveld]] including [[lion]]s, [[African leopard]]s, [[South African cheetah]]s, [[southern white rhino]]s, [[blue wildebeest]], [[kudu]]s, [[impala]]s, [[hyena]]s, [[hippopotamus]]es and [[South African giraffe]]s. A significant extent of the Bushveld exists in the north-east including [[Kruger National Park]] and the [[Sabi Sand Game Reserve]], as well as in the far north in the [[Waterberg Biosphere]]. South Africa houses many [[endemic species]], among them the critically endangered [[riverine rabbit]] (''Bunolagus monticullaris'') in the Karoo.
==== Fungi ====
Up to 1945, more than 4900 species of [[Fungus|fungi]] (including [[Lichen#Fungi|lichen-forming]] species) had been recorded.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Rong | first1 = I. H. | last2 = Baxter | first2 = A. P. | doi = 10.3114/sim.55.1.1 | title = The South African National Collection of Fungi: Celebrating a centenary 1905–2005 | journal = Studies in Mycology | volume = 55 | pages = 1–12 | year = 2006 | pmid =18490968| pmc =2104721 }}</ref> In 2006, the number of fungi in South Africa was estimated at about 200,000 species, but did not take into account fungi associated with insects.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.3114/sim.55.1.13
| last1 = Crous | first1 = P. W.
| last2 = Rong | first2 = I. H.
| last3 = Wood | first3 = A.
| last4 = Lee | first4 = S.
| last5 = Glen | first5 = H.
| last6 = Botha | first6 = W. l
| last7 = Slippers | first7 = B.
| last8 = De Beer | first8 = W. Z.
| last9 = Wingfield | first9 = M. J.
| last10 = Hawksworth | first10 = D. L.
| title = How many species of fungi are there at the tip of Africa?
| journal = Studies in Mycology
| volume = 55
| pages = 13–33
| year = 2006
| pmid = 18490969
| pmc = 2104731
}}</ref> If correct, then the number of South African fungi dwarfs that of its plants. In at least some major South African ecosystems, an exceptionally high percentage of fungi are highly specific in terms of the plants with which they occur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fabiserv.up.ac.za/webresources/pdf/02cccd42960c651fba2eee15dd3c180b.pdf |author1=Marincowitz, S. |author2=Crous, P.W. |author3=Groenewald J.Z. |author4=Wingfield, M.J. |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Microfungi occurring on Proteaceae in the fynbos. CBS Biodiversity Series 7 |year=2008 |accessdate=26 June 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729211209/http://fabiserv.up.ac.za/webresources/pdf/02cccd42960c651fba2eee15dd3c180b.pdf |archivedate=29 July 2013 |df= }}</ref> The country's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan does not mention fungi (including lichen-forming fungi).<ref name="cbd.int" />
==== Plants ====
[[File:Forest outside of Durban.jpg|thumb|Subtropical forest near [[Durban]]]]
[[File:KNP Landscape.jpg|thumb|[[Lowveld]] vegetation of the [[Kruger National Park]]]]
With more than 22,000 different [[higher plants]], or about 9% of all the known species of plants on Earth,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Marco Lambertini|title=A Anturalist's Guide to the Tropics|publisher=University Of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-46828-0|page=46|edition=Revised edition (May 15, 2000)|language=English|chapter=The Flora / The Richest Botany in the World|date=2000-05-15}}</ref> South Africa is particularly rich in plant diversity. The most prevalent biome in South Africa is the [[grassland]], particularly on the Highveld, where the plant cover is dominated by different [[Poaceae|grasses]], low [[shrub]]s, and [[acacia tree]]s, mainly [[Camelthorn tree|camel-thorn]] (''Vachellia erioloba'') and [[Whitethorn acacia|whitethorn]] (''V. constricta''). Vegetation becomes even more sparse towards the northwest due to low [[precipitation (meteorology)|rainfall]]. There are several species of water-storing [[Succulent plant|succulents]], like [[aloe]]s and [[euphorbias]], in the very hot and dry Namaqualand area. The grass and thorn [[savannah]] turns slowly into a bush savannah towards the north-east of the country, with denser growth. There are significant numbers of [[baobab]] trees in this area, near the northern end of Kruger National Park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica-travel.net/pages/e_plants.htm |title=Plants and Vegetation in South Africa |publisher=Southafrica-travel.net |accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref>
The [[fynbos]] biome, which makes up the majority of the area and plant life in the [[Cape floristic region]], one of the six [[floral kingdom]]s, is located in a small region of the Western Cape and contains more than 9,000 of those species, making it among the richest regions on earth in terms of plant diversity.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} Most of the plants are [[evergreen]] hard-leaf plants with fine, needle-like leaves, such as the [[sclerophyllous]] plants. Another uniquely South African flowering plant group is the genus ''[[Protea]]''. There are around 130 different species of Protea in South Africa.
While South Africa has a great wealth of flowering plants, only 1% of South Africa is forest, almost exclusively in the humid [[KwaZulu-Cape coastal forest mosaic|coastal plain of KwaZulu-Natal]], where there are also areas of [[Southern Africa mangroves]] in river mouths. There are even smaller reserves of forests that are out of the reach of fire, known as [[Knysna-Amatole montane forests|montane forests]]. Plantations of imported tree species are predominant, particularly the non-native [[eucalyptus]] and [[pine]].
=== Conservation issues ===
South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades, primarily due to overpopulation, sprawling development patterns and deforestation during the 19th century. South Africa is one of the worst affected countries in the world when it comes to invasion by [[alien species]] with many (e.g., [[Acacia mearnsii|black wattle]], [[Acacia saligna|Port Jackson willow]], ''[[Hakea]]'', ''[[Lantana]]'' and ''[[Jacaranda]]'') posing a significant threat to the native biodiversity and the already scarce water resources. The original [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|temperate forest]] found by the first European settlers was exploited ruthlessly until only small patches remained. Currently, South African [[hardwood]] trees like [[real yellowwood]] (''Podocarpus latifolius''), [[Ocotea bullata|stinkwood]] (''Ocotea bullata''), and South African [[Olea laurifolia|black ironwood]] (''Olea laurifolia'') are under government protection. Statistics from the South African [[Department of Environmental Affairs]] show a record 1,215 rhinos have been killed in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |author=Environmental Affairs |url=https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/molewa_waragainstpoaching2015 |title=Progress in the war against poaching |work=Environmental Affairs |date=22 January 2015 |accessdate=22 January 2015 |location=South Africa |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123231507/https://www.environment.gov.za/mediarelease/molewa_waragainstpoaching2015 |archivedate=23 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
[[Climate change]] is expected to bring considerable warming and drying to much of this already [[semi-arid region]], with greater frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as [[heat wave]]s, flooding and drought. According to computer-generated [[climate modelling]] produced by the South African National Biodiversity Institute,<ref name="SANBI">{{cite web|url=http://www.sanbi.org/ |title=South African National Biodiversity Institute |publisher=Sanbi.org |date=30 September 2011 |accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref> parts of southern Africa will see an increase in temperature by about {{Convert|1|C-change|}} along the coast to more than {{Convert|4|C-change|}} in the already hot [[hinterland]] such as the Northern Cape in late spring and summertime by 2050. The [[Cape Floral Kingdom]], being identified as one of the global [[biodiversity hotspots]], will be hit very hard by climate change. Drought, increased intensity and frequency of fire, and climbing temperatures are expected to push many rare species towards extinction.
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| header=Biodiversity of South Africa
| image1=Protea cynaroides 5.jpg
| alt1=
| caption1=[[Protea cynaroides|King protea]], national flower
| width1={{#expr: (120 * 666 / 599) round 0}}
| image2=Fynbos.jpg
| alt2=
| caption2=[[Fynbos]], [[Cape Floristic Region]]
| width2={{#expr: (120 * 512 / 384) round 0}}
| image3= Blue crane SA.jpg
| alt3=
| caption3=[[Blue crane]], national bird
| width3={{#expr: (120 * 800 / 555) round 0}}
| image4=Weskus Nasionale Park.jpg
| alt4=
| caption4=Flowers in the [[West Coast National Park]]
| width4={{#expr: (120 * 520 / 390) round 0}}
}}
== అధ్యక్షులు ==
| |||