దక్షిణాఫ్రికా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

Along with many African nations, South Africa has been experiencing a "[[brain drain]]" in the past 20 years.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://jae.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/13/suppl_2/ii15 |title=World Bank, IMF study 2004 |doi=10.1093/jae/ejh042 |date=3 December 2004 |accessdate=30 May 2010|last1=Collier|first1=P.|journal=[[Journal of African Economies]]|volume=13|pages=ii15–ii54|citeseerx=10.1.1.203.2508 }}</ref> and is almost certainly detrimental for the wellbeing of those reliant on the healthcare infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.equinetafrica.org/bibl/docs/healthpersonnel.pdf |title=Health Personnel in Southern Africa: Confronting maldistribution and brain drain |accessdate=30 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430024959/http://www.equinetafrica.org/bibl/docs/healthpersonnel.pdf |archivedate=30 April 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The skills drain in South Africa tends to demonstrate racial contours given the skills distribution legacy of South Africa and has thus resulted in large white South African communities abroad.<ref>{{cite web |author=Haroon Bhorat|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/migrant/download/imp/imp52e.pdf |title=Skilled Labour Migration from Developing Countries: Study on South and Southern Africa |publisher=International Labour Office |year=2002 |accessdate=26 June 2013|display-authors=etal}}</ref> However, the statistics which purport to show a brain drain are disputed and also do not account for [[repatriation]] and expiry of foreign work contracts. According to several surveys,<ref>{{cite news|title=South Africa's brain-drain generation returning home |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-11-18/world/south.africa.migration_1_south-africans-violent-crime-job-seekers?_s=PM:WORLD |publisher=CNN World |accessdate=4 June 2011 |date=22 April 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216061534/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-11-18/world/south.africa.migration_1_south-africans-violent-crime-job-seekers?_s=PM%3AWORLD |archivedate=16 December 2010 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=South Africa's brain drain reversing|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/business/article535687.ece/South-Africas-brain-drain-reversing|publisher=Times Live|accessdate=4 June 2011}}</ref> there has been a reverse in brain drain following the [[global financial crisis of 2008–2009]] and expiration of foreign work contracts. In the first quarter of 2011, confidence levels for graduate professionals were recorded at a level of 84% in a Professional Provident Society (PPS) survey.<ref>{{cite web|title=Graduates confident about SA|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/article1041111.ece/Graduates-confident-about-SA|publisher=Times Live|accessdate=4 June 2011}}</ref> Illegal immigrants are involved in informal trading.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iss.co.za/pubs/ASR/5No4/StrategigPerspectives.html |title=Strategic Perspectives on Illegal Immigration into South Africa |journal=African Security Review |volume=5 |issue=4 |year=1996 |author=Solomon, Hussein |doi=10.1080/10246029.1996.9627681 |page=3 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051019134404/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/ASR/5No4/StrategigPerspectives.html |archivedate=19 October 2005 }}</ref> Many immigrants to South Africa continue to live in poor conditions, and the immigration policy has become increasingly restrictive since the year 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queensu.ca/samp/sampresources/samppublications/policyseries/policy20.htm |title=The Brain Gain: Skilled Migrants and Immigration Policy in Post-Apartheid South Africa |author1=Mattes, Robert |author2=Crush, Jonathan |author3=Richmond, Wayne |lastauthoramp=yes |website=Southern African Migration Project, Queens College, Canada |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125214008/http://www.queensu.ca/samp/sampresources/samppublications/policyseries/policy20.htm |archivedate=25 November 2005 |df= }}</ref>

 

[[File:Mark Shuttleworth NASA.jpg|thumb|[[Mark Shuttleworth]] in space]]

Several important scientific and technological developments have originated in South Africa. The first human-to-human [[Heart transplantation|heart transplant]] was performed by cardiac surgeon [[Christiaan Barnard]] at [[Groote Schuur Hospital]] in December 1967, [[Max Theiler]] developed a [[Yellow fever vaccine|vaccine]] against [[yellow fever]], [[Allan McLeod Cormack]] pioneered [[X-ray computed tomography]] (CT scan), and [[Aaron Klug]] developed [[crystallographic electron microscopy]] techniques. With the exception of that of Barnard, all of these advancements were recognised with [[Nobel Prize]]s. [[Sydney Brenner]] won most recently, in 2002, for his pioneering work in [[molecular biology]].