లిబియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

 

[[File:King Idris I of Libya August 15, 1965.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|King [[Idris of Libya|Idris I]] of the [[Senussi|Senussi order]] became the first head of state of Libya in 1951]]

[[File:Nasser Gaddafi 1969.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Gaddafi (left) with Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] in 1969{{sfn|Blundy|Lycett|1987|p=18}}]]

On 1 September 1969, a group of rebel military officers led by [[Muammar Gaddafi]] launched a [[1969 Libyan coup d'état|coup d'état against King Idris]], which became known as the Al Fateh Revolution.<ref name="SalakLibya">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0504/excerpt1.html |title=Rediscovering Libya |last=Salak |first=Kira |publisher=National Geographic Adventure |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923175457/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0504/excerpt1.html |archivedate=23 September 2011 |df= }}</ref> Gaddafi was referred to as the "[[Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution|Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution]]" in government statements and the official Libyan press.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5425.htm |title=Libya – History |publisher=US Department of State's Background Notes |date=15 January 2013 |accessdate=5 February 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120024802/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5425.htm |archivedate=20 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong [[Italian settlers in Libya|Italian community]] was expelled from Libya alongside the smaller community of [[History of the Jews in Libya|Libyan Jews]]. The day became a [[Public holiday|national holiday]] known as "Vengeance Day".<ref>Bearman, Jonathan (1986). Qadhafi's Libya. London: Zed Books. p. 72</ref> Libya's increase in prosperity was accompanied by increased internal political repression, and political dissent was made illegal under Law 75 of 1973. Widespread surveillance of the population was carried out through Gaddafi's Revolutionary Committees.<ref name="Gaddafiunrepentant">{{cite journal|url=http://www.meforum.org/878/libya-and-the-us-Gaddafi-unrepentant|title=Libya and the U.S.: Gaddafi Unrepentant|journal=[[Middle East Quarterly]]|author=Eljahmi, Mohamed|year=2006|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110302065908/http://www.meforum.org/878/libya-and-the-us-Gaddafi-unrepentant|archivedate=2 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="GlobalEdge">{{cite web| url=http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/libya/history/| title=Libya: History| publisher=/globaledge.msu.edu (via [[Michigan State University]])| accessdate=14 August 2011| deadurl=no| archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110814125349/http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/libya/history/| archivedate=14 August 2011| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/libya.html|title=Comparative Criminology&nbsp;– Libya|accessdate=24 July 2011|publisher=Crime and Society|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807181001/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/libya.html|archivedate=7 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

 

On 25 October 1975, a coup attempt was launched by some 20 military officers, mostly from the city of [[Misrata]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1wzPrqBI8kC&pg=PA69|title=La Libye révolutionnaire|last=Banégas|first=Richard|date=2012-01-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=9782811106720|location=|pages=69|language=fr|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320153024/https://books.google.com/books?id=n1wzPrqBI8kC&pg=PA69|archivedate=20 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This resulted in the arrest and executions of the coup plotters.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wd30pXJxpYC&pg=PA506|title=The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World|last=Krieger|first=Joel|date=2001-08-02|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780195117394|location=|pages=506|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629195326/http://books.google.com/books?id=2wd30pXJxpYC|archivedate=29 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 2 March 1977, Libya officially became the "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya". Gaddafi officially passed power to the [[General People's Committee]]s and henceforth claimed to be no more than a symbolic figurehead.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wynne-Jones|first=Jonathan|title=Libyan minister claims Gaddafi is powerless and the ceasefire is 'solid'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8393285/Libyan-minister-claims-Gaddafi-is-powerless-and-the-ceasefire-is-solid.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=22 October 2011|date=19 March 2011|location=London|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029122048/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8393285/Libyan-minister-claims-Gaddafi-is-powerless-and-the-ceasefire-is-solid.html|archivedate=29 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The new "''jamahiriya''" governance structure he established was officially referred to as "[[direct democracy]]".<ref>{{cite news|last=Robbins|first=James|title=Eyewitness: Dialogue in the desert|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6425873.stm|accessdate=22 October 2011|date=7 March 2007|work=BBC News}}</ref>

 

In February 1977, Libya started delivering military supplies to [[Goukouni Oueddei]] and the [[People's Armed Forces]] in [[Chad]]. The [[Chadian–Libyan conflict]] began in earnest when Libya's support of rebel forces in northern Chad escalated into an [[Toyota war|invasion]]. Later that same year, Libya and [[Egypt]] fought a four-day border war that came to be known as the [[Libyan-Egyptian War]], both nations agreed to a [[ceasefire]] under the mediation of the Algerian president [[Houari Boumediène]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/lay/libya/flibyaegypt1977.htm |title=Egypt Libya War 1977 |publisher=Onwar.com |accessdate=23 December 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69f8lhcYk?url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/lay/libya/flibyaegypt1977.htm |archivedate=4 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Hundreds of Libyans lost their lives in the war against Tanzania. Gaddafi financed various other groups from anti-nuclear movements to Australian trade unions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aijac.org.au/review/2003/282/Libya-return.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030301031212/http://www.aijac.org.au/review/2003/282/Libya-return.html |archivedate=1 March 2003 |title=A Rogue Returns |publisher=AIJAC |date=February 2003}}</ref>