సొమాలియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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ట్యాగు: విశేషణాలున్న పాఠ్యం |
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పంక్తి 424:
దాదాపు 235 జాతుల సరీసృపాలు ఉన్నాయి. వీటిలో ఉత్తర ప్రాంతాలలో దాదాపు సగం నివసిస్తున్నారు. సోమాలియాలో ఉన్న సరీసృపాలు హుఘ్సు, సా స్కేలు వైపరు, దక్షిణ సోమాలి గార్టెరు పాము, ఒక రేసరు (ప్లాటిసెప్సు మెసనాయి), డయాడెం పాము (స్పలేర్యోసిసు జోసెఫ్స్కోర్ట్కీ), సోమాలి ఇసుక బోయా, ఏగిల్డు వర్ము లిజార్డు, స్పినీ టెయిల్డు లిజార్డు (ఉరోమాస్ట్యిక్సు మెక్ఫాడియేని), , లాంజాసు అగ్మా, జిక్కో (హేమిడాక్టిలసు గ్రాన్చి), సోమాలి సేమ్ఫోరే జిక్కో, శాండు లిజార్డు, (మెసాలినా లేదా ఇరెమియాసు) ఉన్నాయి. ఒక కొలుబ్రిడు పాము (అపోస్డోకెటోఫిస్ ఆరెనెనీ), హేకే-గ్రీరు స్కిన్కు (హాక్గ్రేరియసు మైయోపసు)అంతరించిపోతున్న స్థానిక జాతులు ఉన్నాయి.<ref>Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database, htUetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (e Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed 8 Dec 2013</ref>
==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Somalia}}
[[File:Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154.jpg|thumb|[[Air Somalia]] Tupolev Tu-154 in [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. Somalia today has several private airlines]]
According to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and the [[Central Bank of Somalia]], despite experiencing civil unrest, Somalia has maintained a healthy informal [[economy]], based mainly on [[livestock]], [[remittance]]/[[Wire transfer|money transfer]] companies and [[Communications in Somalia|telecommunication]]s.<ref name="factbook"/><ref name="Cbsef"/> Due to a dearth of formal government statistics and the recent [[Somali Civil War|civil war]], it is difficult to gauge the size or growth of the economy. For 1994, the CIA estimated the [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] at $3.3 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1995/wf950219.htm |title=CIA World Factbook: Somalia (1995) |publisher=Permanent.access.gpo.gov |accessdate=27 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511085616/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1995/wf950219.htm |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2001, it was estimated to be $4.1 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/151/so.html#Economy |title=CIA World Factbook: Somalia (2003) |publisher=Bartleby.com |accessdate=27 June 2010}}</ref> By 2009, the CIA estimated that the GDP had grown to $5.731 billion, with a projected real growth rate of 2.6%.<ref name="factbook"/> According to a 2007 [[British Chambers of Commerce]] report, the private sector also grew, particularly in the service sector. Unlike the pre-civil war period when most services and the industrial sector were [[Government-owned corporation|government-run]], there has been substantial, albeit unmeasured, private investment in commercial activities; this has been largely financed by the [[Somali diaspora]], and includes trade and marketing, money transfer services, transportation, communications, fishery equipment, airlines, telecommunications, education, health, construction and hotels.<ref name="Brcc">{{cite book |last=British Chambers of Commerce|title=The British Chambers of Commerce Guide to African Markets|year=2007|publisher=Ten Alps Publishing|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=SvB0OwAACAAJ}}</ref> [[Libertarianism|Libertarian]] economist [[Peter Leeson]] attributes this increased economic activity to the Somali [[customary law]] (referred to as ''[[Xeer]]''), which he suggests provides a stable environment to conduct business in.<ref name="Petletbet"/>
According to the Central Bank of Somalia, the country's GDP per capita {{As of|2012|lc=y}} is $226, a slight reduction in real terms from 1990.<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Bank of Somalia – Annual Report 2012|url=http://docdroid.net/fjeo|publisher=Central Bank of Somalia|accessdate=2 August 2014}}</ref> About 43% of the population lives on less than 1 US dollar a day, with around 24% of those found in urban areas and 54% living in rural areas.<ref name="Cbsef"/>
[[File:2016 04 Eid Preparions-11 (27469932863).jpg|thumb|left|Shoppers in Hamarwayne market in Mogadishu]]
Somalia's economy consists of both traditional and modern production, with a gradual shift toward modern industrial techniques. Somalia has the largest population of camels in the world.{{sfn|A. Rosati|A. Tewolde|C. Mosconi|2007}} According to the Central Bank of Somalia, about 80% of the population are nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists, who keep goats, sheep, camels and cattle. The nomads also gather resins and gums to supplement their income.<ref name="Cbsef"/>
=== Agriculture ===
{{See also|Agriculture in Somalia}}
Agriculture is the most important economic sector of Somalia. It accounts for about 65% of the GDP and employs 65% of the workforce.<ref name="Brcc" /> Livestock contributes about 40% to GDP and more than 50% of export earnings.<ref name="factbook" /> Other principal exports include [[fish]], [[charcoal]] and [[banana]]s; [[sugar]], [[sorghum]] and [[Maize|corn]] are products for the domestic market.<ref name="factbook" /> According to the Central Bank of Somalia, imports of goods total about $460 million per year, surpassing aggregate imports prior to the start of the civil war in 1991. Exports, which total about $270 million annually, have also surpassed pre-war aggregate export levels. Somalia has a trade deficit of about $190 million per year, but this is exceeded by remittances sent by Somalis in the diaspora, estimated to be about $1 billion.<ref name="Cbsef" />
With the advantage of being located near the Arabian Peninsula, Somali traders have increasingly begun to challenge [[Australia]]'s traditional dominance over the Gulf Arab livestock and meat market, offering quality animals at very low prices. In response, Gulf Arab states have started to make strategic investments in the country, with [[Saudi Arabia]] building livestock export infrastructure and the [[United Arab Emirates]] purchasing large farmlands.<ref>[http://www.meattradenewsdaily.co.uk/news/230810/australia___the_gulf_demand_for_australian_sheep_and_lamb.aspx The Arab countries demand Australian sheep and lamb] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090635/http://www.meattradenewsdaily.co.uk/news/230810/australia___the_gulf_demand_for_australian_sheep_and_lamb.aspx |date=15 May 2011 }} – ''Farmonline''</ref> Somalia is also a major world supplier of [[frankincense]] and [[myrrh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elmt-relpa.org/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/elmt/201004/Final%20Report%20Annex%203%20-%20sector%20profiles%20-%20logos.pdf |title=Expanding Investment Finance in Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands |format=PDF |accessdate=30 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513155643/http://www.elmt-relpa.org/FCKeditor/UserFiles/File/elmt/201004/Final%20Report%20Annex%203%20-%20sector%20profiles%20-%20logos.pdf |archivedate=13 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
[[File:Bosaso port.jpg|thumb|The [[Port of Bosaso]]]]
The modest [[Secondary sector of the economy|industrial sector]], based on the processing of agricultural products, accounts for 10% of Somalia's GDP.<ref name="factbook"/> According to the [[Somali Chamber of Commerce and Industry]], over six private [[airline]] firms also offer commercial flights to both domestic and international locations, including [[Daallo Airlines]], [[Jubba Airways]], [[African Express Airways]], East Africa 540, Central Air and Hajara.<ref name="Scca">{{cite web|title=Aviation|url=http://www.somalichamber.so/?page_id=62|publisher=Somali Chamber of Commerce and Industry|accessdate=15 May 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517133126/http://www.somalichamber.so/?page_id=62|archivedate=17 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2008, the Puntland government signed a multimillion-dollar deal with [[Dubai]]'s Lootah Group, a regional industrial group operating in the Middle East and Africa. According to the agreement, the first phase of the investment is worth [[United Arab Emirates dirham|Dhs]] 170 m and will see a set of new companies established to operate, manage and build [[Bosaso]]'s free trade zone and sea and airport facilities. The Bosaso Airport Company is slated to develop the airport complex to meet international standards, including a new {{convert|3400|m|abbr=on}} runway, main and auxiliary buildings, taxi and apron areas, and security perimeters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/176786.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006071502/http://www.ameinfo.com/176786.html|archivedate=6 October 2013|title=Government of Punt Land State of Somalia, Lootah Investment sign strategic agreements worth Dhs170m |publisher=Ameinfo.com |accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref>
Prior to the outbreak of the civil war in 1991, the roughly 53 state-owned small, medium and large manufacturing firms were foundering, with the ensuing conflict destroying many of the remaining industries. However, primarily as a result of substantial local investment by the Somali diaspora, many of these small-scale plants have re-opened and newer ones have been created. The latter include fish-canning and meat-processing plants in the northern regions, as well as about 25 factories in the Mogadishu area, which manufacture [[pasta]], [[mineral water]], [[Confectionery|confections]], [[plastic bag]]s, [[Textile|fabric]], hides and skins, [[detergent]] and [[soap]], [[aluminium]], foam [[mattress]]es and [[pillow]]s, fishing [[boat]]s, carry out packaging, and [[Stonemasonry|stone processing]].<ref name="Somtroap">{{cite web |publisher=The African Executive |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/article_print.php?article=4693 |title=Somalia: The Resilience of a People |accessdate=30 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626112218/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/article_print.php?article=4693 |archivedate=26 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2004, an $8.3 million [[Coca-Cola]] bottling plant also opened in the city, with investors hailing from various constituencies in Somalia.<ref>{{cite news |author=Marc Lacey |date=10 July 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/10/world/africa/10iht-journal.2166680.html |title=Amid Somalia's troubles, Coca-Cola hangs on |newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}</ref> [[Foreign direct investment|Foreign investment]] also included multinationals including [[General Motors]] and [[Dole Food Company|Dole Fruit]].<ref>Little, Peter D. (2003) ''Somalia: Economy without State''. Indiana University Press, p. 4, {{ISBN|0-85255-865-1}}.</ref>
===Monetary and payment system===
{{Main|Central Bank of Somalia|Somali shilling}}
The Central Bank of Somalia is the official [[Central bank|monetary authority]] of Somalia.<ref name="Cbsef"/> In terms of financial management, it is in the process of assuming the task of both formulating and implementing [[monetary policy]].<ref name="Monpol">{{cite web|url=http://www.somalbanca.org/monetary-policy.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125062011/http://somalbanca.org/monetary-policy.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=25 January 2009|title=Central Bank of Somalia – Monetary policy|publisher=Somalbanca.org|accessdate=30 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Owing to a lack of confidence in the local currency, the [[United States dollar|US dollar]] is widely accepted as a medium of exchange alongside the Somali shilling. [[Dollarization]] notwithstanding, the large issuance of the Somali shilling has increasingly fuelled price hikes, especially for low value transactions. According to the Central Bank, this inflationary environment is expected to come to an end as soon as the bank assumes full control of monetary policy and replaces the presently circulating currency introduced by the private sector.<ref name="Monpol"/>
Although Somalia has had no central monetary authority for more than 15 years between the outbreak of the civil war in 1991 and the subsequent re-establishment of the Central Bank of Somalia in 2009, the nation's payment system is fairly advanced primarily due to the widespread existence of private [[Economy of Somalia#Finance|money transfer operators]] (MTO) that have acted as informal banking networks.<ref name="Paysys">{{cite web|url=http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122232449/http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=22 January 2009|title=Central Bank of Somalia – Payment system|publisher=Somalbanca.org|accessdate=30 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
These remittance firms (''[[hawala]]s'') have become a large industry in Somalia, with an estimated US$1.6 billion annually remitted to the region by [[Somali people|Somalis]] in the diaspora via money transfer companies.<ref name="factbook"/> Most are members of the Somali Money Transfer Association (SOMTA), an umbrella organization that regulates the community's money transfer sector, or its predecessor, the Somali Financial Services Association (SFSA).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diaspora-centre.org/DOCS/UK_Somali_Remittan.pdf |title=UK Somali Remittances Survey |format=PDF |accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Towhamrec">{{cite news|url=http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730 |title=Decades of community service recognised with award |newspaper=Tower Hamlets Recorder |date=13 April 2007 |accessdate=3 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511205333/http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730 |archivedate=11 May 2011 }}</ref> The largest of the Somali MTOs is [[Dahabshiil]], a Somali-owned firm employing more than 2,000 people across 144 countries with branches in [[London]] and [[Dubai]].<ref name="Towhamrec"/>
[[File:Somshil5r.jpg|thumb|left|500 [[Somali shilling]] banknote]]
As the reconstituted Central Bank of Somalia fully assumes its monetary policy responsibilities, some of the existing money transfer companies are expected in the near future to seek licenses so as to develop into full-fledged commercial banks. This will serve to expand the national payments system to include formal cheques, which in turn is expected to reinforce the efficacy of the use of monetary policy in domestic [[Macroeconomics|macroeconomic]] management.<ref name="Paysys"/>
With a significant improvement in local security, Somali expatriates began returning to the country for investment opportunities. Coupled with modest foreign investment, the inflow of funds have helped the Somali shilling increase considerably in value. By March 2014, the currency had appreciated by almost 60% against the U.S. dollar over the previous 12 months. The Somali shilling was the strongest among the 175 global currencies traded by [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], rising close to 50 percentage points higher than the next most robust global currency over the same period.<ref>{{cite news |last=Derby|first=Ron|title=The curious tale of the world-beating Somali shilling|url=http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2014/03/20/the-curious-tale-of-the-world-beating-somali-shilling/|accessdate=27 March 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=26 March 2014}}</ref>
The [[Somalia Stock Exchange]] (SSE) is the national [[Stock exchange|bourse]] of Somalia. It was founded in 2012 by the Somali diplomat [[Idd Mohamed]], Ambassador extraordinary and deputy permanent representative to the United Nations. The SSE was established to attract investment from both Somali-owned firms and global companies in order to accelerate the ongoing post-conflict reconstruction process in Somalia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diplomat to start Somalia's first stock market|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/08/kenya-somalia-investment-idUSL6E8J8D1J20120808|accessdate=5 December 2013|agency=Reuters|date=8 August 2012}}</ref>
===Energy and natural resources===
{{Main|Mineral industry of Somalia|Oil exploration in Puntland}}
{{POV|date=May 2014}}
The World Bank reports that [[electricity]] is now in large part supplied by local businesses.<ref name="Brcc"/> Among these domestic firms is the [[Somali Energy Company]], which performs generation, transmission and distribution of electric power.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mission & Vision|url=http://www.somenergy.com/Mission-Vision.php|publisher=Somali Energy Company|accessdate=17 April 2014}}</ref> In 2010, the nation produced 310 million kWh and consumed 288.3 million kWh of electricity, ranked 170th and 177th, respectively, by the CIA.<ref name="factbook"/>
[[File:Puntland oil.png|thumb|[[Oil exploration in Puntland|Oil blocks]] in Puntland]]
Somalia has reserves of several natural resources, including [[uranium]], [[iron ore]], [[tin]], [[gypsum]], [[bauxite]], [[copper]], [[salt]] and [[natural gas]]. The CIA reports that there are 5.663 billion cu m of proven natural gas reserves.<ref name="factbook"/>
Due to its proximity and geological similarity to the oil-rich [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf Arab]] states such as [[Yemen]], energy industry representatives believe that the nation contains substantial unexploited [[Oil exploration in Puntland|reserves of oil]].<ref name="Cafos">{{cite news |agency=Reuters 2 |url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/8-5-21/70884.html |title=Canada's Africa Oil Starts Somalia Seismic Survey |newspaper=Epoch Times |date=21 May 2008 |accessdate=27 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511103540/http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/8-5-21/70884.html |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, the presence or extent of proven oil reserves in Somalia is uncertain. The CIA asserts that {{As of|2011|lc=y}} there are no proven reserves of oil in the country,<ref name="factbook"/> while [[UNCTAD]] suggests that most proven oil reserves in Somalia lie off its northwestern coast, in the Somaliland region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Somalia|url=http://unctad.org/sections/dite_fdistat/docs/wid_cp_so_en.pdf|publisher=UNCTAD|accessdate=26 May 2014}}</ref> A survey of the horn of Africa Africa by the [[World Bank]] and [[United Nations|UN]] ranked Somalia second only to Sudan as the top prospective producer.<ref name="Cafos"/> An oil group listed in [[Sydney]], [[Range Resources]], estimates that the Puntland region in the northeast has the potential to produce {{convert|5|Goilbbl}} to {{convert|10|Goilbbl}} of oil,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oilmarketer.co.uk/2007/07/18/exploration-rights-in-somalia-for-chinese-oil-giant-cnooc/|title=Exploration rights in Somalia for Chinese oil giant CNOOC |publisher=Oilmarketer.co.uk |accessdate=25 February 2009}}</ref> compared to the 6.7 billion barrels of proven oil reserves in Sudan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/current/FileZ/XL/T31.HTM|title=OPEC: World proven crude oil reserves by country, 1960–2011|publisher=OPEC|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref> As a result of these developments, the [[Somalia Petroleum Corporation]] was established by the federal government.<ref>{{cite news |last=Doya|first=David Malingha|title=Soma Oil & Gas May Invest $20 Million to Survey War-Torn Somalia|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-08-08/soma-oil-and-gas-may-invest-20-million-to-survey-war-torn-somalia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825065126/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-08-08/soma-oil-and-gas-may-invest-20-million-to-survey-war-torn-somalia|archivedate=25 August 2013|accessdate=28 May 2014|newspaper=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|date=8 August 2013}}</ref>
In the late 1960s, UN geologists also discovered major uranium deposits and other rare mineral reserves in Somalia. The find was the largest of its kind, with industry experts estimating that the amount of the deposits could amount to over 25% of the world's then known uranium reserves of 800,000 tons.<ref>{{cite news |title=Big Uranium Find Announced in Somalia|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbVWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gOkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7276%2C235261|accessdate=16 May 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=16 March 1968}}</ref> In 1984, the IUREP Orientation Phase Mission to Somalia reported that the country had 5,000 tons of uranium reasonably assured resources (RAR), 11,000 tons of uranium estimated additional resources (EAR) in [[calcrete]] deposits, as well as 0–150,000 tons of uranium speculative resources (SR) in [[sandstone]] and calcrete deposits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf|title=International Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) orientation phase mission report, Somalia|work=[[IAEA]]|year=1983|accessdate=16 May 2014|authors=RA Levich and E Muler-Kahle}}</ref> Somalia evolved into a major world supplier of uranium, with American, UAE, Italian and Brazilian mineral companies vying for extraction rights. Link Natural Resources has a stake in the central region, and Kilimanjaro Capital has a stake in the {{convert|1,161,400|acres|0|abbr=on}} Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA) Block, which includes uranium exploration.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kilimanjaro Capital Ltd.|title=Long Forgotten Uranium Bonanza Rediscovered, Kilimanjaro Unleashes Somalia Uranium Exploration Initiative|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/long-forgotten-uranium-bonanza-rediscovered-kilimanjaro-unleashes-somalia-uranium-exploration-initiative-2014-04-15-71733149|accessdate=17 May 2014|newspaper=MarketWatch|date=15 April 2014}}</ref>
The [[Trans-National Industrial Electricity and Gas Company]] is an [[energy]] [[conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] based in Mogadishu. It unites five major Somali companies from the [[Commerce|trade]], [[finance]], [[security]] and [[telecommunications]] sectors, following a 2010 joint agreement signed in [[Istanbul]] to provide electricity and gas infrastructure in Somalia. With an initial investment budget of $1 billion, the company launched the Somalia Peace Dividend Project, a labour-intensive energy program aimed at facilitating local industrialization initiatives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Newly-found Somali company to bring peace to country|url=http://world.globaltimes.cn/africa/2010-05/534697.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705172338/http://world.globaltimes.cn/africa/2010-05/534697.html|archivedate=5 July 2011|accessdate=18 May 2014|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=24 May 2010}}</ref>
According to the Central Bank of Somalia, as the nation embarks on the path of reconstruction, the economy is expected to not only match its pre-civil war levels, but also to accelerate in growth and development due to Somalia's untapped natural resources.<ref name="Cbsef"/>
===Telecommunications and Media===
{{Main|Communications in Somalia|Media of Somalia}}
[[File:Hormuud.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hormuud Telecom]] building in Mogadishu]]
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up and compete to provide missing infrastructure. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from [[China]], [[South Korea]] and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable [[mobile phone]] and Internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct [[Electronic funds transfer|money transfers]] (such as through the popular [[Dahabshiil]]) and other [[bank]]ing activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.<ref name="Telfirm">{{cite news |author=Abdinasir Mohamed |author2=Sarah Childress |date=11 May 2010 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704608104575220570113266984 |title=Telecom Firms Thrive in Somalia Despite War, Shattered Economy |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as [[Sprint Nextel|Sprint]], [[ITT Corporation|ITT]] and [[Telenor]], these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa.<ref>Christopher J. Coyne (2008) ''After war: the political economy of exporting democracy'', Stanford University Press, p. 154, {{ISBN|0-8047-5440-3}}.</ref> These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city and town in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (''tele-density'') is higher than in neighbouring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia.<ref name="Somtroap"/> Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include [[Golis Telecom Somalia|Golis Telecom Group]], [[Hormuud Telecom]], [[Somafone]], [[NationLink Telecom|Nationlink]], [[Netco (Somalia)|Netco]], [[Telcom (Somalia)|Telcom]] and [[Somali Telecom Group]]. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an inter-connectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.<ref name="Telfirm"/>
Investment in the telecom industry is held to be one of the clearest signs that Somalia's economy has continued to develop despite civil strife in parts of the country.<ref name="Telfirm"/>
The state-run [[Somali National Television]] is the principal national public service TV channel. After a twenty year hiatus, the station was officially re-launched on 4 April 2011.<ref>Abdi Hajji Hussein (4 April 2011) [https://web.archive.org/liveweb/http://gantdaily.com/2011/04/04/after-20-years-somali-president-inaugurates-national-tv-station/ After 20 years, Somali president inaugurates national TV station]. gantdaily.com</ref> Its radio counterpart [[Radio Mogadishu]] also broadcasts from the capital. [[Somaliland National TV]] and [[Puntland TV and Radio]] air from the northern regions.
Additionally, Somalia has several private television and radio networks. Among these are [[Horn Cable Television]] and [[Universal Television (Somalia)|Universal TV]].<ref name="factbook"/> The political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports broadsheets publish out of the capital. There are also a number of online media outlets covering local news,<ref>{{cite news |author=Majid Ahmed|title=Radio and electronic media edge out newspapers in Somalia|url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/12/11/feature-01|accessdate=21 December 2012|newspaper=Sabahi|date=11 December 2012}}</ref> including [[Garowe Online]], Wardheernews, and [[Puntland Post]].
The internet [[country code top-level domain]] (ccTLD) for Somalia is [[.so]]. It was officially relaunched on 1 November 2010 by .SO Registry, which is regulated by the nation's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications.<ref>[http://www.soregistry.so/ SO Registry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031021901/http://www.soregistry.so/ |date=31 October 2014 }}. Soregistry.so. Retrieved 16 August 2013.</ref>
On 22 March 2012, the Somali Cabinet also unanimously approved the National Communications Act. The bill paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somali government to establish communications regulatory commission|url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/03/23/newsbrief-06?change_locale=true|accessdate=25 December 2012|newspaper=Sabahi|date=23 March 2012}}</ref>
In November 2013, following a Memorandum of Understanding signed with [[Emirates Post]] in April of the year, the federal Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications officially reconstituted the [[Somali Postal Service]] (Somali Post).<ref>{{cite news |title=International mail services officially resume in Somalia|url=http://news.upu.int/no_cache/nd/international-mail-services-officially-resume-in-somalia/|accessdate=7 November 2013|newspaper=Universal Postal Union|date=1 November 2013}}</ref> In October 2014, the ministry also relaunched postal delivery from abroad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somalia's government launches postal service|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29606447?print=true|accessdate=14 October 2014|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=13 October 2014}}</ref> The postal system is slated to be implemented in each of the country's 18 administrative provinces via a new postal coding and numbering system.<ref>{{cite news |title=Weekly Statement: Progress of the Somali Government|url=http://diplomat.so/2014/10/11/weekly-statement-progress-of-the-somali-government-3/|accessdate=12 October 2014|agency=Diplomat News Network|date=11 October 2014}}</ref>
===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Somalia}}
[[File:Laas Geel.jpg|thumb|Ancient cave paintings near Hargeisa]]
Somalia has a number of local attractions, consisting of historical sites, beaches, waterfalls, mountain ranges and national parks. The tourist industry is regulated by the national Ministry of Tourism. The autonomous Puntland and Somaliland regions maintain their own tourism offices.<ref name="Ntmucig">{{cite news|title=New tourism ministry under construction in Garowe|url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/11/01/newsbrief-06|accessdate=14 June 2013|newspaper=Sabahi|date=1 November 2012}}</ref> The Somali Tourism Association (SOMTA) also provides consulting services from within the country on the national tourist industry.<ref name="SOMTA">{{cite web|title=Somali Tourism Association (SOMTA)|url=http://somta.so/|publisher=Somali Tourism Association|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref> As of March 2015, the Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife of the [[Southwestern Somalia|South West State]] announced that it is slated to establish additional game reserves and wildlife ranges.<ref name="Gswstrghtat">{{cite news|title=South West State to renovate Government Hotels to Attract Tourism|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=12161|accessdate=25 March 2015|agency=Goobjoog|date=25 March 2015}}</ref>
Notable sights include the [[Laas Geel]] caves containing Neolithic [[rock art]]; the [[Cal Madow]], [[Golis Mountains]] and [[Ogo Mountains]]; the [[Iskushuban]] and [[Lamadaya]] waterfalls; and the [[Hargeisa National Park]], [[Jilib National Park]], [[Kismayo National Park]] and [[Lag Badana National Park]].
===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Somalia|List of airports in Somalia}}
[[File:Aden Abdullah Airport.jpg|thumb|The [[Aden Adde International Airport]]]]
Somalia's network of roads is {{convert|22,100|km|abbr=on}} long. {{asof|2000}}, {{convert|2,608|km|abbr=on}} streets are [[Road surface|paved]] and {{convert|19,492|km|abbr=on}} are unpaved.<ref name="factbook" /> A {{convert|750|km|abbr=on}} highway connects major cities in the northern part of the country, such as [[Bosaso]], [[Galkayo]] and [[Garowe]], with towns in the south.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130223041615/http://www.waayaha.net/view.php?articleid=7880 The First 100 Days in Office]. Waayaha.net. 26 April 2009.</ref>
The [[Somali Civil Aviation Authority]] (SOMCAA) is Somalia's national [[civil aviation authority]] body. After a long period of management by the [[Civil Aviation Caretaker Authority for Somalia]] (CACAS), SOMCAA is slated to re-assume control of Somalia's airspace by 31 December 2013.
Sixty-two airports across Somalia accommodate aerial transportation; seven of these have paved runways. Among the latter, four airports have runways of over 3,047 m; two are between 2,438 m and 3,047 m; and one is 1,524 m to 2,437 m long.<ref name="factbook"/> There are fifty-five airports with unpaved landing areas. One has a runway of over 3,047 m; four are between 2,438 m and 3,047 m in length; twenty are 1,524 m to 2,437 m; twenty-four are 914 m to 1,523 m; and six are under 914 m.<ref name="factbook"/> Major airports in the nation include the [[Aden Adde International Airport]] in Mogadishu, the [[Hargeisa International Airport]] in Hargeisa, the [[Kismayo Airport]] in [[Kismayo]], the [[Baidoa Airport]] in Baidoa, and the [[Bender Qassim International Airport]] in Bosaso.
Established in 1964, [[Somali Airlines]] was the [[flag carrier]] of Somalia. It suspended operations during the civil war.<ref>''Africa Review 2003: The Economic and Business Report'', Walden Publishing, 2003, p. 299, {{ISBN|1-86217-037-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Airline Directory – Somali Airlines | publisher=[[Flight International]]|date= 5–11 April 1995 |format= PDF|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1995/1995%20-%201010.html|accessdate= 19 October 2011}}</ref> However, a reconstituted Somali government later began preparations in 2012 for an expected relaunch of the airline,<ref>{{cite news |title= Somalia to revive national airline after 21 years|publisher= Laanta|date= 24 July 2012|url= http://laanta.net/2012/07/24/somalia-to-revive-national-airline-after-21-years/|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/6BuWj60AF?url=http://laanta.net/2012/07/24/somalia-to-revive-national-airline-after-21-years/|archivedate= 4 November 2012|accessdate= 3 November 2012}}</ref> with the first new Somali Airlines aircraft scheduled for delivery by the end of December 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=The long awaited Somali Airlines is Coming Back!|url=http://www.keydmedia.net/en/news/article/the_long_awaited_somali_airlines_is_coming_back/|accessdate=20 November 2013|newspaper=Keydmedia Online|date=20 November 2013}}</ref> According to the [[Somali Chamber of Commerce and Industry]], the void created by the closure of Somali Airlines has since been filled by various Somali-owned private carriers. Over six of these private airline firms offer commercial flights to both domestic and international locations, including [[Daallo Airlines]], [[Jubba Airways]], [[African Express Airways]], East Africa 540, Central Air and Hajara.<ref name="Scca" />
Possessing the longest coastline on the continent,<ref name="FactbookCoastline" /> Somalia has several major [[seaport]]s. Maritime transport facilities are found in the port cities of Mogadishu, Bosaso, [[Berbera]], [[Kismayo]] and [[Merca]]. There is also one [[merchant marine]]. Established in 2008, it is cargo-based.<ref name="factbook"/>
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