సొమాలియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

 

దాదాపు 235 జాతుల సరీసృపాలు ఉన్నాయి. వీటిలో ఉత్తర ప్రాంతాలలో దాదాపు సగం నివసిస్తున్నారు. సోమాలియాలో ఉన్న సరీసృపాలు హుఘ్సు, సా స్కేలు వైపరు, దక్షిణ సోమాలి గార్టెరు పాము, ఒక రేసరు (ప్లాటిసెప్సు మెసనాయి), డయాడెం పాము (స్పలేర్యోసిసు జోసెఫ్స్కోర్ట్కీ), సోమాలి ఇసుక బోయా, ఏగిల్డు వర్ము లిజార్డు, స్పినీ టెయిల్డు లిజార్డు (ఉరోమాస్ట్యిక్సు మెక్ఫాడియేని), , లాంజాసు అగ్మా, జిక్కో (హేమిడాక్టిలసు గ్రాన్చి), సోమాలి సేమ్ఫోరే జిక్కో, శాండు లిజార్డు, (మెసాలినా లేదా ఇరెమియాసు) ఉన్నాయి. ఒక కొలుబ్రిడు పాము (అపోస్డోకెటోఫిస్ ఆరెనెనీ), హేకే-గ్రీరు స్కిన్కు (హాక్గ్రేరియసు మైయోపసు)అంతరించిపోతున్న స్థానిక జాతులు ఉన్నాయి.<ref>Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database, htUetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (e Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (eds.), The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed 8 Dec 2013</ref>

[[File:Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154.jpg|thumb|[[Air Somalia]] Tupolev Tu-154 in [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. Somalia today has several private airlines]]

According to the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and the [[Central Bank of Somalia]], despite experiencing civil unrest, Somalia has maintained a healthy informal [[economy]], based mainly on [[livestock]], [[remittance]]/[[Wire transfer|money transfer]] companies and [[Communications in Somalia|telecommunication]]s.<ref name="factbook"/><ref name="Cbsef"/> Due to a dearth of formal government statistics and the recent [[Somali Civil War|civil war]], it is difficult to gauge the size or growth of the economy. For 1994, the CIA estimated the [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] at $3.3 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1995/wf950219.htm |title=CIA World Factbook: Somalia (1995) |publisher=Permanent.access.gpo.gov |accessdate=27 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511085616/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1995/wf950219.htm |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2001, it was estimated to be $4.1 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/151/so.html#Economy |title=CIA World Factbook: Somalia (2003) |publisher=Bartleby.com |accessdate=27 June 2010}}</ref> By 2009, the CIA estimated that the GDP had grown to $5.731 billion, with a projected real growth rate of 2.6%.<ref name="factbook"/> According to a 2007 [[British Chambers of Commerce]] report, the private sector also grew, particularly in the service sector. Unlike the pre-civil war period when most services and the industrial sector were [[Government-owned corporation|government-run]], there has been substantial, albeit unmeasured, private investment in commercial activities; this has been largely financed by the [[Somali diaspora]], and includes trade and marketing, money transfer services, transportation, communications, fishery equipment, airlines, telecommunications, education, health, construction and hotels.<ref name="Brcc">{{cite book |last=British Chambers of Commerce|title=The British Chambers of Commerce Guide to African Markets|year=2007|publisher=Ten Alps Publishing|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=SvB0OwAACAAJ}}</ref> [[Libertarianism|Libertarian]] economist [[Peter Leeson]] attributes this increased economic activity to the Somali [[customary law]] (referred to as ''[[Xeer]]''), which he suggests provides a stable environment to conduct business in.<ref name="Petletbet"/>

Somalia's economy consists of both traditional and modern production, with a gradual shift toward modern industrial techniques. Somalia has the largest population of camels in the world.{{sfn|A. Rosati|A. Tewolde|C. Mosconi|2007}} According to the Central Bank of Somalia, about 80% of the population are nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists, who keep goats, sheep, camels and cattle. The nomads also gather resins and gums to supplement their income.<ref name="Cbsef"/>

 

Agriculture is the most important economic sector of Somalia. It accounts for about 65% of the GDP and employs 65% of the workforce.<ref name="Brcc" /> Livestock contributes about 40% to GDP and more than 50% of export earnings.<ref name="factbook" /> Other principal exports include [[fish]], [[charcoal]] and [[banana]]s; [[sugar]], [[sorghum]] and [[Maize|corn]] are products for the domestic market.<ref name="factbook" /> According to the Central Bank of Somalia, imports of goods total about $460 million per year, surpassing aggregate imports prior to the start of the civil war in 1991. Exports, which total about $270 million annually, have also surpassed pre-war aggregate export levels. Somalia has a trade deficit of about $190 million per year, but this is exceeded by remittances sent by Somalis in the diaspora, estimated to be about $1 billion.<ref name="Cbsef" />

 

Prior to the outbreak of the civil war in 1991, the roughly 53 state-owned small, medium and large manufacturing firms were foundering, with the ensuing conflict destroying many of the remaining industries. However, primarily as a result of substantial local investment by the Somali diaspora, many of these small-scale plants have re-opened and newer ones have been created. The latter include fish-canning and meat-processing plants in the northern regions, as well as about 25 factories in the Mogadishu area, which manufacture [[pasta]], [[mineral water]], [[Confectionery|confections]], [[plastic bag]]s, [[Textile|fabric]], hides and skins, [[detergent]] and [[soap]], [[aluminium]], foam [[mattress]]es and [[pillow]]s, fishing [[boat]]s, carry out packaging, and [[Stonemasonry|stone processing]].<ref name="Somtroap">{{cite web |publisher=The African Executive |url=http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/article_print.php?article=4693 |title=Somalia: The Resilience of a People |accessdate=30 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626112218/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/article_print.php?article=4693 |archivedate=26 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2004, an $8.3 million [[Coca-Cola]] bottling plant also opened in the city, with investors hailing from various constituencies in Somalia.<ref>{{cite news |author=Marc Lacey |date=10 July 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/10/world/africa/10iht-journal.2166680.html |title=Amid Somalia's troubles, Coca-Cola hangs on |newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}</ref> [[Foreign direct investment|Foreign investment]] also included multinationals including [[General Motors]] and [[Dole Food Company|Dole Fruit]].<ref>Little, Peter D. (2003) ''Somalia: Economy without State''. Indiana University Press, p. 4, {{ISBN|0-85255-865-1}}.</ref>

 

The Central Bank of Somalia is the official [[Central bank|monetary authority]] of Somalia.<ref name="Cbsef"/> In terms of financial management, it is in the process of assuming the task of both formulating and implementing [[monetary policy]].<ref name="Monpol">{{cite web|url=http://www.somalbanca.org/monetary-policy.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125062011/http://somalbanca.org/monetary-policy.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=25 January 2009|title=Central Bank of Somalia – Monetary policy|publisher=Somalbanca.org|accessdate=30 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

 

The [[Somalia Stock Exchange]] (SSE) is the national [[Stock exchange|bourse]] of Somalia. It was founded in 2012 by the Somali diplomat [[Idd Mohamed]], Ambassador extraordinary and deputy permanent representative to the United Nations. The SSE was established to attract investment from both Somali-owned firms and global companies in order to accelerate the ongoing post-conflict reconstruction process in Somalia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diplomat to start Somalia's first stock market|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/08/kenya-somalia-investment-idUSL6E8J8D1J20120808|accessdate=5 December 2013|agency=Reuters|date=8 August 2012}}</ref>

 

The World Bank reports that [[electricity]] is now in large part supplied by local businesses.<ref name="Brcc"/> Among these domestic firms is the [[Somali Energy Company]], which performs generation, transmission and distribution of electric power.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mission & Vision|url=http://www.somenergy.com/Mission-Vision.php|publisher=Somali Energy Company|accessdate=17 April 2014}}</ref> In 2010, the nation produced 310 million kWh and consumed 288.3 million kWh of electricity, ranked 170th and 177th, respectively, by the CIA.<ref name="factbook"/>

[[File:Puntland oil.png|thumb|[[Oil exploration in Puntland|Oil blocks]] in Puntland]]

According to the Central Bank of Somalia, as the nation embarks on the path of reconstruction, the economy is expected to not only match its pre-civil war levels, but also to accelerate in growth and development due to Somalia's untapped natural resources.<ref name="Cbsef"/>

 

[[File:Hormuud.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hormuud Telecom]] building in Mogadishu]]

After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up and compete to provide missing infrastructure. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from [[China]], [[South Korea]] and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable [[mobile phone]] and Internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct [[Electronic funds transfer|money transfers]] (such as through the popular [[Dahabshiil]]) and other [[bank]]ing activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.<ref name="Telfirm">{{cite news |author=Abdinasir Mohamed |author2=Sarah Childress |date=11 May 2010 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704608104575220570113266984 |title=Telecom Firms Thrive in Somalia Despite War, Shattered Economy |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>

In November 2013, following a Memorandum of Understanding signed with [[Emirates Post]] in April of the year, the federal Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications officially reconstituted the [[Somali Postal Service]] (Somali Post).<ref>{{cite news |title=International mail services officially resume in Somalia|url=http://news.upu.int/no_cache/nd/international-mail-services-officially-resume-in-somalia/|accessdate=7 November 2013|newspaper=Universal Postal Union|date=1 November 2013}}</ref> In October 2014, the ministry also relaunched postal delivery from abroad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somalia's government launches postal service|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29606447?print=true|accessdate=14 October 2014|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=13 October 2014}}</ref> The postal system is slated to be implemented in each of the country's 18 administrative provinces via a new postal coding and numbering system.<ref>{{cite news |title=Weekly Statement: Progress of the Somali Government|url=http://diplomat.so/2014/10/11/weekly-statement-progress-of-the-somali-government-3/|accessdate=12 October 2014|agency=Diplomat News Network|date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

 

[[File:Laas Geel.jpg|thumb|Ancient cave paintings near Hargeisa]]

Somalia has a number of local attractions, consisting of historical sites, beaches, waterfalls, mountain ranges and national parks. The tourist industry is regulated by the national Ministry of Tourism. The autonomous Puntland and Somaliland regions maintain their own tourism offices.<ref name="Ntmucig">{{cite news|title=New tourism ministry under construction in Garowe|url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/11/01/newsbrief-06|accessdate=14 June 2013|newspaper=Sabahi|date=1 November 2012}}</ref> The Somali Tourism Association (SOMTA) also provides consulting services from within the country on the national tourist industry.<ref name="SOMTA">{{cite web|title=Somali Tourism Association (SOMTA)|url=http://somta.so/|publisher=Somali Tourism Association|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref> As of March 2015, the Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife of the [[Southwestern Somalia|South West State]] announced that it is slated to establish additional game reserves and wildlife ranges.<ref name="Gswstrghtat">{{cite news|title=South West State to renovate Government Hotels to Attract Tourism|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=12161|accessdate=25 March 2015|agency=Goobjoog|date=25 March 2015}}</ref>

Notable sights include the [[Laas Geel]] caves containing Neolithic [[rock art]]; the [[Cal Madow]], [[Golis Mountains]] and [[Ogo Mountains]]; the [[Iskushuban]] and [[Lamadaya]] waterfalls; and the [[Hargeisa National Park]], [[Jilib National Park]], [[Kismayo National Park]] and [[Lag Badana National Park]].

 

[[File:Aden Abdullah Airport.jpg|thumb|The [[Aden Adde International Airport]]]]

Somalia's network of roads is {{convert|22,100|km|abbr=on}} long. {{asof|2000}}, {{convert|2,608|km|abbr=on}} streets are [[Road surface|paved]] and {{convert|19,492|km|abbr=on}} are unpaved.<ref name="factbook" /> A {{convert|750|km|abbr=on}} highway connects major cities in the northern part of the country, such as [[Bosaso]], [[Galkayo]] and [[Garowe]], with towns in the south.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130223041615/http://www.waayaha.net/view.php?articleid=7880 The First 100 Days in Office]. Waayaha.net. 26 April 2009.</ref>