కురు సామ్రాజ్యం: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 41:
వేదసంస్కృతికి చెందని సాల్వా (లేదా సాల్వి) తెగ ఓడించిన తరువాత కురురాజ వంశం క్షీణించింది. వేద సంస్కృతి కేంద్రం తూర్పుప్రాంతాన్ని పాంచాల రాజ్యంగా (ఉత్తరప్రదేశంలో) మార్చింది.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}కురు కుటుంబంలో చెలరేగిన తిరుగుబాటుల కారణంగా .{{sfn|Pletcher|2010|p=63}} నాశనం కావడంతో తరువాత (వేద సంస్కృత సాహిత్యం ఆధారంగా) కురు రాజధాని దిగువ దోయాబులోని కౌసాంబికి బదిలీ చేయబడింది.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kaushambhi.nic.in/|title=District Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh, India : Home|website=kaushambhi.nic.in|access-date=2016-05-08|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513183352/http://kaushambhi.nic.in/|archivedate=13 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.all-art.org/Visual_History/01india1.htm|title=History of Art: Visual History of the World|website=www.all-art.org|access-date=2016-05-08}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The flooding of Hastinapura and the transfer of the capital to Kaushambi is only mentioned in semi-legendary accounts dating to the post-Vedic era, e.g., [[Puranas]] and [[Mahabharata]], whereas Vedic-era texts only mention the invasion of Kurukshetra by the Salva tribe as the cause for the decline of the Kurus.<ref>Michael Witzel (1990), [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vamsa.pdf "On Indian Historical Writing"]</ref>}} వేద కాలంలో (క్రీస్తుపూర్వం 6 వ శతాబ్దం నాటికి) కురు రాజవంశం వరుసగా కురు, వాట్సా జనపదాలుగా రూపొందాయి. ఇవి ఎగువ దోయాబు (ఢిల్లీ, హర్యానా), దిగువ దోయాబులుగా విభజితమై పాలించబడ్డాయి. కురు రాజవంశం అదనంగా వాట్సా శాఖ కౌన్హంబి, మథుర శాఖలుగా విభజించబడింది.<ref>[http://upgov.nic.in/uphistory.aspx Political History of Uttar Pradesh]; Govt of Uttar Pradesh, official website.</ref>
==Society==
[[File:ശ്യേന-ചിതി-നിർമ്മാണം.jpg|thumb|Modern performance of [[Agnicayana]], an elaborate [[srauta]] ritual from the Kuru period]]
[[File:Coin of the Kuru Kingdom.jpg|thumb|A Kuru coin, earliest example of [[coinage of India|coinage in India]].<ref name="Goyala1994">{{cite book|author=Śrīrāma Goyala|title=The Coinage of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5caAAAAYAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan}}</ref>]]
The tribes that consolidated into the Kuru Kingdom or 'Kuru Pradesh' were largely semi-nomadic, [[pastoralism|pastoral]] tribes. However, as settlement shifted into the western [[Ganges]] Plain, settled farming of rice and barley became more important. Vedic literature of this time period indicates the growth of surplus production and the emergence of specialized artisans and craftsmen. [[Iron Age|Iron]] was first mentioned as ''śyāma ayas'' (literally "black metal") in the [[Atharvaveda]], a text of this era. Another important development was the fourfold [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]] (class) system, which replaced the twofold system of [[Aryan|arya]] and [[dasa]] from the Rigvedic times. The [[Brahmin]] priesthood and [[Kshatriya]] aristocracy, who dominated the ''arya'' commoners (now called [[vaishya]]s) and the ''dasa'' labourers (now called [[shudra]]s), were designated as separate classes.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}<ref>{{citation |last=Sharma |first=Ram Sharan |authorlink=Ram Sharan Sharma |title=Śūdras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsZkAu-RHVgC |edition=Third |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0706-8}}</ref>
[[File:Kurus (Kurukshetras) circa 350-315 BCE.jpg|thumb|left|Pre-Mauryan (Ganges Valley) Kurus (Kurukshetras) coin, c. 350–315 BCE. AR 15 Mana – Half Karshapana (15mm, 1.50 g). Triskeles-like geometric pattern/aix-armed symbol.<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=224220 CNG Coins]</ref>]]
Kuru kings ruled with the assistance of a rudimentary administration, including purohita (priest), village headman, army chief, food distributor, emissary, herald and spies. They extracted mandatory tribute (''bali'') from their population of commoners as well as from weaker neighboring tribes. They led frequent raids and conquests against their neighbors, especially to the east and south. To aid in governing, the kings and their Brahmin priests arranged Vedic hymns into collections and developed a new set of rituals (the now orthodox [[Srauta]] rituals) to uphold social order and strengthen the class hierarchy. High-ranked nobles could perform very elaborate sacrifices, and many rituals primarily exalted the status of the king over his people. The [[ashvamedha]] or horse sacrifice was a way for a powerful king to assert his domination in northern India.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}
== వెలుపలి లింకులు ==
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