శాతవాహనులు: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 256:
The next oldest Satavahana-era inscription appears on a sculpted gateway element of Stupa 1 at [[Sanchi]]. It states that the element was donated by Ananda, who was the son of Siri Satakarni's foreman of artisans. This inscription is probably from the reign of [[Satakarni II]].{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|p=169}}
== Coinage ==
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| header=Satavahana bilingual coinage in Prakrit and Dravidian (c.150 CE)
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| image1 = Satavahanas. Sri Vasisthiputra Pulumavi.jpg
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| image2 = Vasishthiputra Pulumavi coin legend.jpg
| caption2 = <center>Bilingual coinage of Sri [[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi]] in [[Prakrit]] and [[Dravidian language|Dravidian]], and transcription of the obverse [[Prakrit]] legend.<br><br>'''Obverse:''' Portrait of the king. Legend in [[Prakrit]] in the [[Brahmi script]] (starting at 12 o'clock):<br><b>{{script|Brah|𑀭𑀜𑁄 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀣𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑀲 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺 𑀧𑀼𑀎𑀼𑀫𑀸𑀯𑀺𑀲}}</b><br>''Raño Vāsiṭhiputasa Siri-Puḷumāvisa''<br>"Of King Lord Pulumavi, son of Vasishthi"<br><br>'''Reverse:''' [[Ujjain]] and [[Arched-hill symbol|arched-hill]] symbols. Legend in [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] (close to [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]),<ref name="Sircar113">{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Studies in Indian Coins |date=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=9788120829732 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=PA113 |language=en}}</ref> and the Dravidian script,<ref name="Sircar113"/> essentially similar to the Brahmi script<ref name="AEX"/> (starting at 12 o'clock):<br><b>{{script|Brah|𑀅𑀭𑀳𑀡𑀓𑀼 𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀣𑀺 𑀫𑀸𑀓𑀡𑀓𑀼 𑀢𑀺𑀭𑀼 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀼𑀫𑀸𑀯𑀺𑀓𑀼}}</b><br>''Arahaṇaku Vāhitti Mākaṇaku Tiru Pulumāviku''<ref>{{cite book |title=Epigraphia Āndhrica |date=1969 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |page=XV |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek5mAAAAMAAJ&q=Arahanaku+Vahitti+Makanaku+Tiru+Pulumaviku&dq=Arahanaku+Vahitti+Makanaku+Tiru+Pulumaviku |language=en}}</ref><br>or: ''Aracanaku Vācitti Makaṇaku Tiru Pulumāviku''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nākacāmi |first1=Irāmaccantiran̲ |last2=Nagaswamy |first2=R. |title=Tamil Coins: A Study |date=1981 |publisher=Institute of Epigraphy, Tamilnadu State Department of Archaeology |page=132 |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=VjsfAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><br>"Of King Tiru Pulumavi, son of Vasishthi"<ref name="AEX">"The Sātavāhana issues are uniscriptural, Brahmi but bilingual, Prākrit and Telugu." in {{cite book |title=Epigraphia Andhrica |date=1975 |page=x |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7u1AAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref></center>
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The Satavahanas were the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]], a practice derived from that of the [[Western Kshatrapas]] he defeated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Art |first1=Los Angeles County Museum of |last2=Pal |first2=Pratapaditya |title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700 |date=1986 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520059917 |pages=72-73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC&pg=PA72 |language=en}}</ref> The Western Satraps themselves had been following the features of the coins of the [[Indo-Greek]] kings to the northwest.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131711200 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA53 |language=en}}</ref>
Thousands of lead, copper and [[potin]] Satavahana coins have been discovered in the Deccan region; a few gold and silver coins are also available. These coins do not feature uniform design or size, and suggest that multiple minting locations existed within the Satavahana territory, leading to regional differences in coinage.{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|p=163}}
The coin legends of the Satavahanas, in all areas and all periods, used a [[Prakrit]] dialect without exception. In addition, some reverse coin legends are in [[Dravidian language|Dravidian]]<ref name="Sircar113"/> (similar to the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="RP_1969">{{cite journal |author=R. Panneerselvam |year=1969 |title=Further light on the bilingual coin of the Sātavāhanas |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=281–288 |doi=10.1163/000000069790078428 |jstor=24650366}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=James D. Ryan |chapter=The Heterodoxies in Tamil Nadu |editor1=Keith E. Yandell |editor2=John J. Paul |title=Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8UeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-81801-1 |page=235, 253 }}</ref> and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages),<ref name="Sircar113"/>{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|p=163}} in the Dravidian script (similar to the [[Brahmi script]] appart for a few variations).<ref name="Sircar113"/><ref name="AEX"/>
Several coins carry titles or matronyms that were common to multiple rulers (e.g. Satavahana, Satakarni, and Pulumavi), so the number of rulers attested by coinage cannot be determined with certainty. The names of 16 to 20 rulers appear on the various coins. Some of these rulers appear to be local elites rather than the Satavahana monarchs.{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|p=163}}
The Satavahana coins give unique indications as to their chronology, language, and even facial features (curly hair, long ears and strong lips). They issued mainly lead and copper coins; their portrait-style silver coins were usually struck over coins of the Western Kshatrapa kings. The Satavahana coins also display various traditional symbols, such as elephants, lions, horses and chaityas ([[stupa]]s), as well as the "[[Ujjain]] symbol", a cross with four circles at the end.
===Other examples===
<gallery mode="packed">
Coin of Satkarni.jpg|Early Satavahana coinage, [[Satakarni]] issue, [[Maharashtra]] – [[Vidarbha]] type, 1st century BCE.
Satavahana1stCenturyBCECoinInscribedInBrahmi(Sataka)Nisa.jpg|Satavahana 1st century BCE coin inscribed in Brahmi: "(Sataka)Nisa". [[British Museum]]
File:Coin of Gautamiputra Sri Yajna Satakarni.jpg|Coin of Gautamiputra [[Yajna Satakarni]] ({{reign|167|196 CE}}).
</gallery>
==శకులు, యవనులు మరియు పహ్లవులతో ఘర్షణలు==
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