సింధూ నది: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 34:
నది సాంప్రదాయిక మూలం సెంగే ఖబాబు ("లయన్సు మౌతు"), నిత్య వసంతంగా ఉండే ఇది పవిత్రమైన కైలాషు పర్వతానికి సమీపంలో ఉంది. ఇది టిబెటు కార్టెన్లకంటే దిగువప్రాంతంగా గుర్తించబడింది. సమీపంలో అనేక ఇతర ఉపనదులు ఉన్నాయి. ఇవి సెంగే ఖబాబు కంటే ఎత్తైన ప్రాంతం నుండి ప్రవహిస్తాయి. కానీ సెంగే ఖబాబు మాదిరిగా కాకుండా అన్నీ మంచుకరగడం కారణంగా లభించే నీరుతో ఆధారపడి ప్రవహిస్తూ ఉంటాయి. లడఖులోని సింధులోకి సంగమిస్తున్న జాన్స్కరు నది, ఆ సమయానికి ముందు సింధు కంటే ఎక్కువ నీటిని కలిగి ఉంది.<ref name="Albinia 2008, p. 307">Albinia (2008), p. 307.</ref>
==History==
[[File:IVC Map.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Extent and major sites of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] 3000 BC]]
{{Main|Indus Valley Civilization|History of Sindh}}
The [[Rigveda]] describes [[Rigvedic rivers|several rivers]], including one named "Sindhu". The Rigvedic "Sindhu" is thought to be the present-day Indus river. It is attested 176 times in its text, 94 times in the plural, and most often used in the generic sense of "river". In the Rigveda, notably in the later hymns, the meaning of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in particular, e.g. in the list of rivers mentioned in the hymn of ''[[Nadistuti sukta]]''. The Rigvedic hymns apply a feminine gender to all the rivers mentioned therein, except for the [[Bramhaputra]].
The major cities of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], such as [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-daro]], date back to around 3300 BC, and represent some of the largest human habitations of the ancient world. The Indus Valley Civilisation extended from across northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India,<ref>{{cite book|title=Daily Life in the Indus Valley Civilization|page=6|first=Brian|last=Williams|publisher=Raintree|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArReCgAAQBAJ|year=2016|isbn=978-1406298574}}</ref> with an upward reach from east of [[Jhelum River]] to [[Ropar]] on the upper Sutlej. The coastal settlements extended from [[Sutkagan Dor]] at the Pakistan, [[Iran]] border to [[Kutch]] in modern [[Gujarat]], India. There is an Indus site on the [[Amu Darya]] at Shortughai in northern Afghanistan, and the Indus site [[Alamgirpur]] at the [[Hindon River]] is located only {{convert|28|km|0|abbr=on}} from [[Delhi]]. To date, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] and its tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, as well as [[Lothal]], [[Dholavira]], [[Ganeriwala]], and [[Rakhigarhi]]. Only 90–96 of more than 800 known Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} The [[Sutlej]], now a tributary of the Indus, in Harappan times flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra River, in the watershed of which were more Harappan sites than along the Indus.
Most scholars believe that settlements of [[Gandhara grave culture]] of the early [[Indo-Aryans]] flourished in [[Gandhara]] from 1700 BC to 600 BC, when [[Mohenjo-daro]] and Harappa had already been abandoned.
The word [[Etymology of India|"India"]] is derived from the Indus River. In ancient times, "India" initially referred to those regions immediately along the east bank of the Indus, but by 300 BC, Greek writers including [[Herodotus]] and [[Megasthenes]] were applying the term to the entire subcontinent that extends much farther eastward.<ref>[[Henry Yule]]: [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:191.hobson ''India, Indies''] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120628235414/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:191.hobson |date=28 June 2012 }}. In ''[[Hobson-Jobson]]: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive.'' New ed. edited by William Crooke, B.A. London: J. Murray, 1903</ref><ref name="HerodotusIndia">{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/723351/was-the-ramayana-actually-set-in-and-around-todays-afghanistan|title=Was the Ramayana actually set in and around today's Afghanistan?}}</ref>
The lower basin of the Indus forms a natural boundary between the [[Iranian Plateau]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]]; this region embraces all or parts of the Pakistani provinces [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] and the countries Afghanistan and India. It was crossed by the invading armies of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]], but after his [[Macedon]]ians conquered the west bank—joining it to the [[Ancient Greece|Hellenic]] Empire, they elected to retreat along the southern course of the river, ending Alexander's Asian campaign. The Indus plains were later dominated by the [[Persian empire]] and then the [[Kushan empire]]. Over several centuries [[Muslim]] armies of [[Muhammad bin Qasim]], [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Mohammed Ghori]], [[Tamerlane]] and [[Babur]] crossed the river to invade the inner regions of the [[Punjab]] and points farther south and east
==బయటి లంకెలు==
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