నర్మదా నది: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 67:
'''నర్మదా''' లేదా '''నేర్‌బుడ్డా''' మధ్య [[భారత దేశము]] గుండా ప్రవహించే నది. సాంప్రదాయకముగా ఈ నది ఉత్తర మరియు దక్షిణ భారతానికి సరిహద్దుగా వ్యవహరిస్తున్నది. ఈ నది మొత్తము 1,289 కిలోమీటర్లు పొడవున ప్రవహించుచున్నది. భారత [[ద్వీపకల్పము]]<nowiki/>లో తూర్పు నుండి పశ్చిమానికి ప్రవహించే మూడే [[మూడు]] [[నదులు|నదుల]]<nowiki/>లో ఇది ఒకటి. మిగిలిన రెండు [[తపతి నది]] మరియు మహి నది. నర్మద భారత దేశములో రిఫ్ట్ లోయ వెంటా ప్రవహించే ఏకైక నది. [[మధ్య ప్రదేశ్]] రాష్ట్రములోని [[అమర్‌కంఠక్]] పర్వతాల్లో పుట్టి మొదటి 320 కిలోమీటర్లు సాత్పూరా శ్రేణుల పైభాగమున ఉన్న మాండ్ల కొండలలో మెలికలు తిరుగుతూ ప్రవహించి, [[జబల్‌పూర్]] వద్ద పాలరాళ్ల గుండా ప్రవహిస్తూ వింధ్య మరియు సాత్పూరా శ్రేణుల మధ్యనున్న నర్మదా లోయలోకి అడుగు పెడుతుంది. అక్కడి నుండి పశ్చిమంగా ప్రవహించి కాంబే గల్ఫ్ను చేరుతున్నది. నర్మద [[మధ్య ప్రదేశ్]], [[మహారాష్ట్ర]] మరియు [[గుజరాత్]] రాష్ట్రాల గుండా ప్రవహించి గుజరాత్ లోని బారూచ్ జిల్లాలో [[అరేబియా సముద్రము]]లో కలుస్తుంది.
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== River regime ==
[[File:Amarkantak.jpg|thumb|Narmada Kund, origin at [[Amarkantak]]]]
[[File:Narmada River .jpg|thumb|Narmada River at Tilwara ghat, [[Jabalpur]]]]
[[File:Omkareshwar1.JPG|thumb|river in [[Omkareshwar]]]]
[[File:Dhuandhar falls4.JPG|thumb|The River Narmada flows through a [[gorge]] of Marble rocks in [[Bhedaghat]]]]
[[File:Dhuandhar falls2.JPG|thumb|Side view of the [[Dhuandhar Fall]]s seen during the [[monsoon]] season.]]
The source of the Narmada is a small reservoir, known as the Narmada Kund, located at [[Amarkantak]] on the Amarkantak Plateau<ref>{{cite book |title=India: Physical Environment |publisher=NCERT |date=March 2006 |pages=27 |chapter=Chapter 3: Drainage System |isbn=81-7450-538-5}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /> in the [[Anuppur District]], Shahdol zone of eastern [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>Chadhar, Mohanlal (2017), Amarakantak kshetra ka puravaibhava, SSDN, Publisher and Distributor, New Delhi, {{ISBN|978-93-8357-509-1}}</ref> The river descends from Sonmud, then falls over a cliff as Kapildhara waterfall and meanders in the hills, flowing through a tortuous course crossing the rocks and islands up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar. Between [[Ramnagar, Madhya Pradesh|Ramnagar]] and [[Mandla]], ({{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}), further southeast, the course is comparatively straight with deep water devoid of rocky obstacles. The Banger joins from the left. The river then runs north–west in a narrow loop towards [[Jabalpur]]. Close to this city, after a fall of some ({{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}), called the [[Dhuandhar Falls|Dhuandhara]], the fall of [[mist]], it flows for ({{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}), in a deep narrow channel through the magnesium [[limestone]] and [[basalt]] rocks called the [[Marble Rocks]]; from a width of about {{convert|90|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}, above, it is compressed in this channel of ({{convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}), only. Beyond this point up to its meeting the Arabian Sea, the Narmada enters three narrow valleys between the Vindhya scarps in the north and the Satpura range in the South. The southern extension of the valley is wider at most places. These three valley sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the [[Fault scarp|scarps]] and the Satpura hills.
[[File:Bhedaghat1 (Hsk007in).jpg|thumb|right|Marble rocks alongside Narmada River]]
Emerging from the [[Marble Rocks]] the river enters its first fertile basin, which extends about {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}, with an average width of {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}, in the south. In the north, the valley is limited to the Barna–Bareli plain terminating at Barkhara Hills opposite [[Hoshangabad]]. However, the hills again recede in the Kannod plains. The banks are about ({{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}) high. It is in the first valley of the Narmada that many of its important tributaries from the south join it and bring the waters of the northern slopes of the [[Satpura Hills]].<ref name=EB1911 /> Among them are: the Sher, the Shakkar, the Dudhi, the [[Tawa River|Tawa]] (biggest tributary) and the Ganjal. The Hiran, the Barna, the Choral, the Karam and the Lohar are the important tributaries joining from the north.
Below [[Handia, Madhya Pradesh|Handia]] and Nemawar to Hiran fall (the deer's leap), the river is approached by hills from both sides. In this stretch the character of the river is varied. The [[Omkareshwar]] island, sacred to the Lord [[Shiva]], is the most important river island in Madhya Pradesh. At first, the descent is rapid and the stream, quickening in pace, rushes over a barrier of rocks. The Sikta and the [[Kaveri River, Madhya Pradesh|Kaveri]] join it below the [[Khandwa]] plain. At two points, at Mandhar, about {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} below Nemawar, and Dadrai, {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} further down near Punasa, the river falls over a height of about {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}.
[[File:Narmada river.jpg|thumb|right|Narmada River at full flow during monsoon in [[Bhedaghat]].]]
A few kilometres further down near Bareli and the crossing ghat of the [[Agra]] to [[Mumbai]] road, [[National Highway 3 (India)|National Highway 3]], the Narmada enters the [[Mandleshwar]] plain, the second basin about {{convert|180|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} long and {{convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} wide in the south. The northern strip of the basin is only {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}. The second valley section is broken only by Saheshwar Dhara fall. The early course of about {{convert|125|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} up to Markari falls is met with a succession of [[cataracts]] and [[rapids]] from the elevated table land of [[Malwa]] to the low level of Gujarat plain. Towards the west of this basin, the hills draw very close but soon dwindle down.{{cn|date=June 2019}}
Below Makrai, the river flows between [[Baroda|Vadodara]] district and [[Narmada district]] and then meanders through the rich plain of [[Bharuch district]] of Gujarat state. The banks are high between the layers of old alluvial deposits, hardened mud, [[gravel]]s of nodular [[limestone]] and [[sand]]. The width of the river spans from about {{convert|1.5|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} at Makrai to {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} near Bharuch and to an estuary of {{convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} at the [[Gulf of Cambay]]. An old channel of the river, {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} to {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} south from the present one, is very clear below Bharuch. The Karanjan and the Orsing are the most important tributaries in the original course. The former joins at Rundh and the latter at Vyas in [[Vadodara district]] of Gujarat, opposite each other and form a Triveni (confluence of three rivers) on the Narmada. The [[Amaravathi River|Amaravati]] and the Bhukhi are other tributaries of significance. Opposite the mouth of the Bhukhi is a large drift called Alia Bet or Kadaria Bet.{{cn|date=June 2019}}
The tidal rise is felt up to {{convert|32|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} above Bharuch, where the neap tides rise to about a metre and spring tide {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}. The river is navigable for vessels of the burthen of 95 tonnes (i.e., 380 Bombay candies) up to Bharuch and for vessels up to 35 tonnes (140 Bombay candies) up to Shamlapitha or Ghangdia. The small vessels (10 tonnes) voyage up to Tilakawada in Gujarat. There are sand bases and [[shoals]] at mouth and at Bharuch. The nearby island of Kabirvad, in the Narmada River, features a gigantic [[Banyan tree]], which covers {{convert|10000|m2|acre}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://traveliteindia.com/guide/state/gujarat.asp |title=Gujarat |publisher=traveliteindia.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614190501/http://www.traveliteindia.com/guide/state/gujarat.asp |archivedate=14 June 2008 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
== మూలాలు ==
{{భారతదేశ నదులు}}
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