శాకంభరి చహమానులు

శాకంభరి చహమాన్లు
శాకంభరి చహమాన్లు;
6వ శతాబ్దం–1192
	చహమనా పాలకుడి నాణెం విగ్రహరాజా IV, సుమారు 1150–1164. అబ్వర్స్: రామ ఎడమవైపు నిలబడి, విల్లు పట్టుకొని; దేవనాగరిలో "శ్రీరామా". రివర్స్: దేవనాగరిలో శ్రీమద్ విగ్ర/హ రాజా దే/వ; క్రింద నక్షత్రం, చంద్రుని చిహ్నాలు.
	శాకంభరి సిర్కా 1150-1192 CE చహమానస్ యొక్క ఉజ్జాయింపు భూభాగం.
చరిత్ర
• స్థాపన	6వ శతాబ్దం
• పతనం	1192

శాకంభరి చహమానులు 6వ, 12వ శతాబ్దాల మధ్య భారతదేశంలోని ప్రస్తుత రాజస్థాన్, పొరుగు ప్రాంతాలలోని కొన్ని ప్రాంతాలను పరిపాలించిన భారతీయ రాజవంశం. వీరినే సంభార్ చౌహాన్స్ లేదా అజ్మీర్ చౌహాన్స్ అని పిలుస్తారు. వారు పాలించిన భూభాగాన్ని సపాదలక్ష అని పిలిచేవారు. వారు చహమనా (చౌహాన్) రాజ్‌పుత్ వంశానికి చెందిన అత్యంత ప్రముఖమైన పాలక కుటుంబం.^[2]

ఇతర పేర్లు, వ్యుత్పత్తి మార్చు

చాహమానులు మొదట శాకంభరి (ప్రస్తుత సంభార్ లేక్ టౌన్) లో తమ రాజధానిని కలిగి ఉన్నారు. 10వ శతాబ్దం వరకు వీరు ప్రతిహార సామంతులుగా పరిపాలించారు. త్రైపాక్షిక పోరాటం తర్వాత ప్రతిహార శక్తి క్షీణించినప్పుడు, చహమనా పాలకుడు సింహరాజా మహారాజాధిరాజా అనే బిరుదును స్వీకరించాడు. 12వ శతాబ్దం ప్రారంభంలో, అజయరాజా II రాజ్యం రాజధానిని అజయమేరు (ఆధునిక అజ్మీర్) కి మార్చాడు. ఈ కారణంగా, చహమనా పాలకులను "అజ్మీర్ చౌహాన్లు" అని కూడా పిలుస్తారు.

జయాపజయాలు మార్చు

చహమానులు గుజరాత్‌లోని చాళుక్యులు, ఢిల్లీకి చెందిన తోమరలు, మాల్వాలోని పరమారాలు, బుందేల్‌ఖండ్‌కు చెందిన చండేలాలతో సహా తమ పొరుగువారితో అనేక యుద్ధాలు చేశారు. 11వ శతాబ్దం నుండి, వారు ముస్లిం దండయాత్రలను ఎదుర్కోవడం ప్రారంభించారు, మొదట గజ్నవిదులు, ఆపై ఘురిద్‌లు. చహమనా రాజ్యం 12వ శతాబ్దం మధ్యలో విగ్రహరాజా IV ఆధ్వర్యంలో అత్యున్నత స్థాయికి చేరుకుంది. 1192 సా. శ.లో ఘోర్‌కు చెందిన ఘురిద్ దండయాత్ర మహమ్మద్ అతని మేనల్లుడు పృథ్వీరాజ్ చౌహాన్‌ను ఓడించి ఉరితీయడంతో రాజవంశం అధికారం పూర్తిగా ముగిసింది.

మూలాలు మార్చు

↑ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical Atlas of South Asia. Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library. p. 147, Map "d".
↑
- Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Psychology Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4. When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur)
- Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2006). Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Anthem. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-84331-132-4. The period between seventh and twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh which came to constitute a social-political category known as Rajputs. Some of the major lineages were Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, The Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan
- Romila Thapar (2000). Cultural Pasts: Essays in Early Indian History (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Oxford University Press. p. 792. ISBN 978-0-19-564050-2. This is curious statement for the Chahamanas who were known to be one of the eminent Rajput family of early medieval period
- Burton Stein (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6. "From the process of migration and metamorphosis of lowly groups into Rajputs new Rajput clans were formed some of these clans The Pratiharas, Guhilas and Chahamanas
- David Ludden (2013). India and South Asia: A Short History. Oneworld Publications. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6. By contrast in Rajasthan, a single dominant warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-son of kings), they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour because farming was literally benath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias), and Caulukyas (Solankis) were splitting off from Gurjara Pratihara clans
- Peter Robb (2011). A History of India (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-230-34549-2. Muhammad of Ghor was another Afghan Turk invader. He established a much wider control in North India. The Rajputs were unable to resist him, following his defeat of Prithviraja III, king of Chauhans, a Rajput clan based southeast of Delhi
- Satish Chandra (2007). History of Medieval India:800-1700 (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Orient Longman. p. 62. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7. The rise of a new section called the Rajputs and the controversy about their origins have already been mentioned. With the break-up of the Pratihara empire, a number of Rajput states camne into existence in north India. The most important of these were the Gahadavalas of Kanauj, the Paramaras of Malwa, and the Chauhans of Ajmer
- Richard Eaton (2000). Essays on Islam and Indian History (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Oxford University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-19-565114-0. From Ajmer in Rajasthan, the former capital of the defeated Cahamana Rajputs – also, significantly, the wellspring of Chishti piety the post-1192 pattern of temple desecration moved swiftly down the Gangetic Plain as Turkish military forces sought to extirpate local ruling houses in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century
- Upinder Singh (1999). Ancient Delhi (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Oxford University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-19-564919-2. The Tomaras ultimately met their destruction at the hand of another Rajput clan, the Chauhans or Chahamanas. Delhi was captured from the Tomaras by the Chauhan king Vigraharaja IV (the Visala Deva of the traditional bardic histories) in the middle of twelfth century
- Shail Mayaram (2003). Against history, against state : counterperspectives from the margins. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-231-12730-8. OCLC 52203150. The Chauhans (Cahamanas) Rajputs had emerged in the later tenth century and established themselves as a paramount power, overthrowing the Tomar Rajputs. In 1151 the Tomar Rajput rulers (and original builders) of Delhi were overthrown by Visal Dev, the Chauhan ruler of Ajmer

[JS-1] Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical Atlas of South Asia. Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library. p. 147, Map "d".

[2] 
Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Psychology Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4. When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur)

Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2006). Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Anthem. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-84331-132-4. The period between seventh and twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh which came to constitute a social-political category known as Rajputs. Some of the major lineages were Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, The Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan

Romila Thapar (2000). Cultural Pasts: Essays in Early Indian History (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Oxford University Press. p. 792. ISBN 978-0-19-564050-2. This is curious statement for the Chahamanas who were known to be one of the eminent Rajput family of early medieval period

Burton Stein (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6. "From the process of migration and metamorphosis of lowly groups into Rajputs new Rajput clans were formed some of these clans The Pratiharas, Guhilas and Chahamanas

David Ludden (2013). India and South Asia: A Short History. Oneworld Publications. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6. By contrast in Rajasthan, a single dominant warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-son of kings), they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour because farming was literally benath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias), and Caulukyas (Solankis) were splitting off from Gurjara Pratihara clans

Peter Robb (2011). A History of India (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-230-34549-2. Muhammad of Ghor was another Afghan Turk invader. He established a much wider control in North India. The Rajputs were unable to resist him, following his defeat of Prithviraja III, king of Chauhans, a Rajput clan based southeast of Delhi

Satish Chandra (2007). History of Medieval India:800-1700 (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Orient Longman. p. 62. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7. The rise of a new section called the Rajputs and the controversy about their origins have already been mentioned. With the break-up of the Pratihara empire, a number of Rajput states camne into existence in north India. The most important of these were the Gahadavalas of Kanauj, the Paramaras of Malwa, and the Chauhans of Ajmer

Richard Eaton (2000). Essays on Islam and Indian History (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Oxford University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-19-565114-0. From Ajmer in Rajasthan, the former capital of the defeated Cahamana Rajputs – also, significantly, the wellspring of Chishti piety the post-1192 pattern of temple desecration moved swiftly down the Gangetic Plain as Turkish military forces sought to extirpate local ruling houses in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century

Upinder Singh (1999). Ancient Delhi (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Oxford University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-19-564919-2. The Tomaras ultimately met their destruction at the hand of another Rajput clan, the Chauhans or Chahamanas. Delhi was captured from the Tomaras by the Chauhan king Vigraharaja IV (the Visala Deva of the traditional bardic histories) in the middle of twelfth century

Shail Mayaram (2003). Against history, against state : counterperspectives from the margins. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-231-12730-8. OCLC 52203150. The Chauhans (Cahamanas) Rajputs had emerged in the later tenth century and established themselves as a paramount power, overthrowing the Tomar Rajputs. In 1151 the Tomar Rajput rulers (and original builders) of Delhi were overthrown by Visal Dev, the Chauhan ruler of Ajmer

[3] Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Psychology Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4. When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur)

[4] Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2006). Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Anthem. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-84331-132-4. The period between seventh and twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh which came to constitute a social-political category known as Rajputs. Some of the major lineages were Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, The Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan

[5] Romila Thapar (2000). Cultural Pasts: Essays in Early Indian History (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Oxford University Press. p. 792. ISBN 978-0-19-564050-2. This is curious statement for the Chahamanas who were known to be one of the eminent Rajput family of early medieval period

[6] Burton Stein (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6. "From the process of migration and metamorphosis of lowly groups into Rajputs new Rajput clans were formed some of these clans The Pratiharas, Guhilas and Chahamanas

[7] David Ludden (2013). India and South Asia: A Short History. Oneworld Publications. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6. By contrast in Rajasthan, a single dominant warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-son of kings), they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour because farming was literally benath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas (Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias), and Caulukyas (Solankis) were splitting off from Gurjara Pratihara clans

[8] Peter Robb (2011). A History of India (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-230-34549-2. Muhammad of Ghor was another Afghan Turk invader. He established a much wider control in North India. The Rajputs were unable to resist him, following his defeat of Prithviraja III, king of Chauhans, a Rajput clan based southeast of Delhi

[9] Satish Chandra (2007). History of Medieval India:800-1700 (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Orient Longman. p. 62. ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7. The rise of a new section called the Rajputs and the controversy about their origins have already been mentioned. With the break-up of the Pratihara empire, a number of Rajput states camne into existence in north India. The most important of these were the Gahadavalas of Kanauj, the Paramaras of Malwa, and the Chauhans of Ajmer

[10] Richard Eaton (2000). Essays on Islam and Indian History (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Oxford University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-19-565114-0. From Ajmer in Rajasthan, the former capital of the defeated Cahamana Rajputs – also, significantly, the wellspring of Chishti piety the post-1192 pattern of temple desecration moved swiftly down the Gangetic Plain as Turkish military forces sought to extirpate local ruling houses in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century

[11] Upinder Singh (1999). Ancient Delhi (in ఇంగ్లీష్). Oxford University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-19-564919-2. The Tomaras ultimately met their destruction at the hand of another Rajput clan, the Chauhans or Chahamanas. Delhi was captured from the Tomaras by the Chauhan king Vigraharaja IV (the Visala Deva of the traditional bardic histories) in the middle of twelfth century

[12] Shail Mayaram (2003). Against history, against state : counterperspectives from the margins. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-231-12730-8. OCLC 52203150. The Chauhans (Cahamanas) Rajputs had emerged in the later tenth century and established themselves as a paramount power, overthrowing the Tomar Rajputs. In 1151 the Tomar Rajput rulers (and original builders) of Delhi were overthrown by Visal Dev, the Chauhan ruler of Ajmer

[2]

[1]