కె.ఆర్. నారాయణన్: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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K.Venkataramana (చర్చ | రచనలు) దిద్దుబాటు సారాంశం లేదు ట్యాగు: 2017 source edit |
K.Venkataramana (చర్చ | రచనలు) దిద్దుబాటు సారాంశం లేదు |
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పంక్తి 34:
'''కొచెరిల్ రామన్ నారాయణన్''' [[1920]], [[అక్టోబర్ 27]] న ఉఝుపూర్ లోని ఒక దళిత కుటుంబంలో జన్మించాడు. నారాయణన్ ప్రతిభను గుర్తించిన [[జవహర్ లాల్ నెహ్రూ]] ఆయనను [[రంగూన్]] లోని భారత విదేశాంగ శాఖలో మనదేశ ప్రతినిధిగా నియమించారు. [[అమెరికా]]లో భారత రాయబారిగా [[1980]] నుండి [[1984]] వరకూ నాలుగేళ్ళు పనిచేసాడు. [[1997]] న భారత రాష్ట్రపతిగా ఎన్నుకోబడ్డాడు. స్వాతంత్ర్యం వచ్చిన నాటినుండి [[1997]] కు స్వర్ణోత్సవ సంవత్సరం. ఆ సంవత్సరం ఒక దళితుడు రాష్ట్రపతిగా పదవినలంకరించడం దేశంలో ఒక మంచి మార్పుగా పేర్కొనబడింది.
'''Kocheril Raman Narayanan''' ({{audio|Krn.ogg|listen}}; 4 February 1921 – 9 November 2005) was the [[List of Presidents of India|tenth]] [[President of India]].
Born in Perumthanam, [[Uzhavoor]] village, in the [[princely state]] of [[Travancore]] (present day [[Kottayam district]], Kerala), and after a brief stint with journalism and then studying political science at the [[London School of Economics]] with the assistance of a scholarship, Narayanan began his career in India as a member of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in the [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru administration]]. He served as ambassador to [[Japan]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Thailand]], [[Turkey]], [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[United States|United States of America]] and was referred to by Nehru as "the best diplomat of the country".<ref>Manmohan Singh: [http://pmindia.nic.in/prelease/pcontent.asp?id=351 Condolence message] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225043/http://pmindia.nic.in/prelease/pcontent.asp?id=351|date=27 September 2007}}. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> He entered politics at [[Indira Gandhi]]'s request and won three successive general elections to the [[Lok Sabha]] and served as a [[Minister of State]] in the [[Union Cabinet]] under former Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. Elected as the [[List of Vice-Presidents of India|ninth]] [[Vice-President of India|Vice President]] in 1992, Narayanan went on to become President in 1997. He was the first member of the [[Dalit]] community to hold the post.
Narayanan is regarded as an independent and assertive President who set several precedents and enlarged the scope of the highest constitutional office. He described himself as a "working President" who worked "within the four corners of the Constitution"; something midway between an "executive President" who has direct power and a "rubber-stamp President" who endorses government decisions without question or deliberation.<ref name="ram_int">[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/nic/narayanankr.pdf Interview] with K. R. Narayanan on Independence day, 15 August 1998; by [[N. Ram]], Editor, [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] ["K. R. Narayanan in conversation with N. Ram", ''The Hindu'', 10 November 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006].</ref> He used his discretionary powers as a President and deviated from convention and precedent in many situations, including – but not limited to – the appointment of the Prime Minister in a [[hung Parliament]], in dismissing a [[state government]] and imposing [[President's rule]] there at the suggestion of the Union Cabinet, and during the [[Kargil conflict]]. He presided over the [[golden jubilee]] celebrations of [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] and in the country's [[Indian general elections 1977-1999#1998|general election of 1998]], he became the first Indian President to vote when in office, setting another new precedent.
== Early life ==
K. R. Narayanan was born in a small thatched hut at Perumthanam, [[Uzhavoor]], as the fourth of seven children of Kocheril Raman Vaidyar, a practitioner of the traditional Indian medical systems of [[Siddha]], [[Ayurveda]] and Punnaththuraveettil Paappiyamma. His family (belonging to the ''[[Paravan]]'' caste, whose members are assigned the task of plucking [[coconut]]s as per the [[Indian caste system|caste system]]) was poor, but his father was respected for his medical acumen. He was born on 4 February 1921, but his uncle, who accompanied him on his first day in school, did not know his actual date of birth, and arbitrarily chose 27 October 1920 for the records; Narayanan later chose to let it remain official.
Narayanan had his early [[Education in India|schooling]] in Uzhavoor at the Government Lower Primary School, Kurichithanam (where he enrolled on 5 May 1927) and Our Lady of Lourdes Upper Primary School, Uzhavoor (1931–35). He walked to school for about 15 kilometres daily through [[paddy field]]s, and was often unable to pay the modest fees. He often listened to school lessons while standing outside the classroom, having been barred from attending because tuition fees were outstanding. The family lacked money to buy books and his elder brother K. R. Neelakantan, who was confined to home as he was suffering from [[asthma]], used to borrow books from other students, copy them down, and give them to Narayanan. He matriculated from St. Mary's High School, [[Kuravilangad]] (1936–37) (he had studied at St. John's High School, [[Koothattukulam]] (1935–36) previously). He completed his intermediate at [[C. M. S. College]], Kottayam (1938–40), aided by a scholarship from the [[Travancore royal family|Travancore Royal family]].
Narayanan obtained his B. A. (Honours) and [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in [[English literature]] from the University of [[Travancore]] (1940–43) (present day [[University of Kerala]]), standing first in the university (thus becoming the first Dalit to obtain this degree with first class in Travancore).
With his family facing grave difficulties, he left for [[Delhi]] and worked for some time as a [[Malayalam journalism|journalist]] with ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''[[The Times of India]]'' (1944–45). During this time he once interviewed [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<ref>K. R. Narayanan's interview with M. K. Gandhi, 10 April 1945; given in full in H. Y. Sharada Prasad: [http://www.iht.com/getina/files/271049.html "How an interview with Gandhi was spiked"], ''The Asian Age'', n.d. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> in [[Bombay]] on his own volition (10 April 1945). Narayanan then went to England (1945) and studied [[political science]] under [[Harold Laski]] at the [[London School of Economics]] (LSE);<ref>LSE counts K. R. Narayanan among its [http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/LSEIndia/pastAndPresent.htm distinguished alumni] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203125621/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/LSEIndia/pastAndPresent.htm|date=3 February 2009}}; his [http://www.lse.edu/collections/pressAndInformationOffice/newsAndEvents/archives/2000-2002/pressrelease-india.htm portrait] has been unveiled and placed in a position of honour; B. R. Ambedkar is the only other Indian to have been similarly honoured. . Retrieved 24 February 2006.{{cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/LSEIndia/pastAndPresent.htm|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2005-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203125621/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/LSEIndia/pastAndPresent.htm|archivedate=3 February 2009|deadurl=yes|df=dmy}}</ref> he also attended lectures by [[Karl Popper]], [[Lionel Robbins]], and [[Friedrich Hayek]]. He obtained the honours degree of B. Sc. (Economics) with a specialisation in political science, helped by a scholarship from [[J. R. D. Tata]].<ref>Some of his experiences as a Tata fellow are recounted here [http://www.tata.com/0_about_us/history/lasting_legacies/20040811_k_narayanan.htm]. . Retrieved 24 February 2006. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630223824/http://www.tata.com/0_about_us/history/lasting_legacies/20040811_k_narayanan.htm|date=30 June 2008}}</ref> During his years in London, he (along with fellow student [[K. N. Raj]]) was active in the [[India League]] under [[V. K. Krishna Menon]]. He was also the London correspondent of the ''Social Welfare Weekly'' published by [[K. M. Munshi]]. He shared lodgings with K. N. Raj and [[Veerasamy Ringadoo]] (who later became the first President of Mauritius); another close friend was [[Pierre Trudeau]] (who later became [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime minister of Canada]]).
== Diplomat and academician ==
When Narayanan returned to India in 1948, Laski gave him a letter of introduction to Prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Years later, he narrated<ref>Gopalkrishna Gandhi: [http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20051202005812900.htm&date=fl2224/&prd=fline& "A remarkable life-story"], ''Frontline'' '''22''' (24), 5–18 November 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> how he began his career in the public service:<blockquote>When I finished with LSE, Laski, of his own, gave me a letter of introduction for Panditji. On reaching Delhi I sought an appointment with the PM. I suppose, because I was an Indian student returning home from London, I was given a time-slot. It was here in Parliament House that he met me. We talked for a few minutes about London and things like that and I could soon see that it was time for me to leave. So I said goodbye and as I left the room I handed over the letter from Laski, and stepped out into the great circular corridor outside. When I was half way round, I heard the sound of someone clapping from the direction I had just come. I turned to see Panditji [Nehru] beckoning me to come back. He had opened the letter as I left his room and read it. [Nehru asked:] "Why didn't you give this to me earlier?" [and KRN replied:] "Well, sir, I am sorry. I thought it would be enough if I just handed it over while leaving." After a few more questions, he asked me to see him again and very soon I found myself entering the Indian Foreign Service.</blockquote>
[[దస్త్రం:Vladimir_Putin_in_India_2-5_October_2000-14.jpg|ఎడమ|thumb|K. R. Narayanan with [[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] on 3 October 2000.]]
In 1949, he joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS) on Nehru's request.<ref name="pandya_int">Haresh Pandya: [https://www.theguardian.com/india/story/0,,1652976,00.html "K. R. Narayanan: Indian president from downtrodden caste"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 29 November 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2006.</ref> He worked as a diplomat in the embassies at [[Yangon|Rangoon]], [[Tokyo]], [[London]], [[Canberra]], and [[Hanoi]]. He was the Indian ambassador to [[Thailand]] (1967–69), [[Turkey]] (1973–75), and the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (1976–78). He taught at the [[Delhi School of Economics]] (DSE) (1954), and was Jawaharlal Nehru fellow (1970–72) and secretary to the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|ministry of external affairs]] (1976). He retired in 1978. After his retirement, he served as the [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU) in [[New Delhi]] from 3 January 1979 – 14 October 1980; he would later describe this experience as the foundation for his public life.<ref name="ptt_int">P. T. Thomas: "Interview with K. R. Narayanan", ''Maanavasamskruthi'' '''1''' (8), February 2005, in [[Malayalam]]. English translation of part of the interview, at CHRO web page: [http://www.nuke.humanrightskerala.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=5090 Part I] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003749/http://www.nuke.humanrightskerala.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=5090|date=28 September 2007}}; [http://www.nuke.humanrightskerala.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=5097 Part II] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012023123/http://www.nuke.humanrightskerala.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=5097|date=12 October 2008}}. Additional translation of question on his relationship with the Left front in [http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005030308811100.htm&date=2005/03/03/&prd=th& "Narayanan criticises Vajpayee for Gujarat riots"], ''The Hindu'', 10 November 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> Subsequently, he was recalled from retirement to serve as [[Indian Ambassador to the United States]] from 1980–84, under the [[Indira Gandhi]] administration. Narayanan's tenures as Indian ambassador to China, the first such high level Indian diplomatic posting in that country after the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], and to the USA where he helped arrange Ms. Gandhi's landmark 1982 visit to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] during the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan presidency]] helped mend India's strained relations with both these countries.<ref>His [http://pib.myiris.com/speech/article.php3?fl=010508171719 speech] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630093120/http://pib.myiris.com/speech/article.php3?fl=010508171719|date=30 June 2006}} at Peking University while on a state visit, briefly describes his vision of relations between India and China. (Retrieved 24 February 2006.) Narayanan spoke Chinese, and had a scholarly knowledge of Chinese culture and history, particularly the cultural exchanges between the two countries. His visit as President eased tensions that had developed with China after the [[Pokhran]] nuclear tests.</ref><ref>His [http://pib.myiris.com/speech/article.php3?fl=D33180 banquet speech] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630093102/http://pib.myiris.com/speech/article.php3?fl=D33180|date=30 June 2006}} welcoming Bill Clinton to Rashtrapati Bhavan briefly describes his vision of relations between India and the USA. . Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> Nehru, who had also been the Minister for External Affairs during his 16 years as PM, held that K. R. Narayanan was "the best diplomat of the country."(1955)
== Family ==
While working in [[Rangoon]], [[Myanmar|Burma]] (Myanmar), K. R. Narayanan met Ma Tint Tint, whom he later married in [[New Delhi|Delhi]] on 8 June 1951. Ma Tint Tint was active in the [[YWCA]] and on hearing that Narayanan was a student of Laski, approached him to speak on political freedom before her circle of acquaintances. Their marriage needed a special dispensation from Nehru as per Indian law, because Narayanan was in the IFS and she was a foreigner. Ma Tint Tint adopted the Indian name ''Usha'' and became an Indian citizen. [[Usha Narayanan]] (1923–2008) worked on several social welfare programs for women and children in India and completed her Masters in Social Work from [[Delhi School of Social Work]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203801|title=Her Excellency Tin Tin|date=2 July 2013|newspaper=The OutLook|accessdate=25 February 2013}}</ref> She also translated and published several [[Burmese language|Burmese]] short stories; a collection of translated stories by [[Thein Pe Myint]], titled ''Sweet and Sour'', appeared in 1998. She is the second woman of foreign origin to have become the [[First Lady]]. They have two daughters, Chitra Narayanan (Indian ambassador to [[Switzerland]] and [[The Holy See]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2008/08/07/chitra-narayanan-concurrently-accredited-ambassador-to-holy-see-1218119649.html|title=Chitra Narayanan concurrently accredited Ambassador to Holy See|date=7 August 2008|accessdate=10 January 2012|publisher=News.oneindia.in}}</ref> and Amrita.
== Political initiation ==
Narayanan entered politics at the request of [[Indira Gandhi]] and won three successive general elections to the [[Lok Sabha]] in [[Indian general elections 1977-1999#1984|1984]], [[Indian general elections 1977-1999#1989|1989]] and [[Indian general elections 1977-1999#1991|1991]], as a representative of the [[Ottapalam]] constituency in [[Palakkad]], Kerala, on a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ticket. He was a [[Minister of State]] in the Union cabinet under [[Rajiv Gandhi]], holding the portfolios of Planning (1985), External Affairs (1985–86), and Science and Technology (1986–89). As a [[Member of Parliament#India|Member of Parliament]], he resisted international pressure to tighten patent controls in India. He sat in the opposition benches when the Congress was voted out of power during 1989–91. Narayanan was not included in the cabinet when the Congress returned to power in 1991. [[K. Karunakaran]], Congress [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], a political adversary of his{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}, informed him that he was not made a minister because of him being a "Communist [[Fellow traveller|fellow-traveller]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}". He did not, however, respond when Narayanan pointed out that he had defeated Communist candidates{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} ([[A. K. Balan]] and [[Lenin Rajendran]], the latter twice) in all three elections.<ref name="ptt_int" />
K. R. Narayanan was elected as the [[Vice-President of India]] on 21 August 1992, under the Presidency of [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]. His name had been proposed initially by [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V. P. Singh]], former Prime Minister and the then leader of the [[Janata Dal]] parliamentary party. The [[Janata Dal]] and the parliamentary left parties had jointly declared him as their candidate, and this had later garnered support from the Congress under [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], leading to a [[unanimous]] decision on his election. On his relationship with the Left front, Narayanan later clarified<ref name="ptt_int" /> that he was neither a devotee nor a blind opponent of Communism; they had known of his ideological differences, but had supported him as Vice-President (and later as President) because of special political circumstances that prevailed in the country. He had benefited from their support, and in turn, their political positions had gained acceptability. When the [[Babri Masjid]] was demolished on 6 December 1992, he described the event as the "greatest tragedy India has faced since [[Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi|the assassination of]] [[Mahatma Gandhi]]".<ref name="ram_int" />
== Presidency ==
K. R. Narayanan was elected to the Presidency of India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alfa.nic.in/hm/p1.html|title=Results of Presidential poll|accessdate=2017-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970801044230/http://alfa.nic.in/hm/p1.html|archivedate=1 August 1997|deadurl=bot: unknown|df=}}, 17 July 1997. Archived Aug. 1997.</ref> (17 July 1997) with 95% of the votes in the [[electoral college]], as a result of the [[President of India#Election of the President|Presidential poll]] on 14 July. This is the only Presidential election to have been held with a [[minority government]] holding power at the centre. [[T. N. Seshan]] was the sole opposing candidate, and all major parties save the [[Shiv Sena]] supported his candidature.,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.rediff.com/news/jul/11amber.htm|title=The importance of a dalit President|accessdate=2 May 2006|publisher=Rediff|last=Diwanji|first=Amberish K.|year=1997}}</ref> while Seshan alleged that Narayanan had been elected solely for being a Dalit.
He was sworn in as the President of India (25 July 1997) by Chief Justice [[J. S. Verma]] in the [[Central Hall of Parliament]]. In his inaugural address,<ref>K. R. Narayanan: {{cite web|url=http://alfa.nic.in/rb/krn_asum.htm|title=Inaugural address|accessdate=2017-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970804210818/http://alfa.nic.in/rb/krn_asum.htm|archivedate=4 August 1997|deadurl=bot: unknown|df=}}, 25 July 1997. Archived Aug. 1997.</ref> he said:<blockquote>That the nation has found a consensus for its highest office in some one who has sprung from the grass-roots of our society and grown up in the dust and heat of this sacred land is symbolic of the fact that the concerns of the common man have now moved to the centre stage of our social and political life. It is this larger significance of my election rather than any personal sense of honour that makes me rejoice on this occasion.</blockquote>
; Golden Jubilee of independence
The principal event of the golden jubilee of Indian independence was President K. R. Narayanan's midnight address to the nation<ref>K. R. Narayanan: [http://pib.myiris.com/speech/article.php3?fl=010620191911 Address on the golden jubilee of Indian independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630093042/http://pib.myiris.com/speech/article.php3?fl=010620191911|date=30 June 2006}}, 15 August 1997. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> during the special session of Parliament convened on the night of 14 August; in this address, he identified the establishment of a democratic system of government and politics to be the greatest achievement of India since independence. The following morning, Prime Minister [[Inder Kumar Gujral|I. K. Gujral]], addressing the nation<ref>I. K. Gujral: [http://www.india50.com/speecH1.html Address to the nation from the ramparts of the Red fort on the golden jubilee of Indian independence], 15 August 1997. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> from the ramparts of the [[Red Fort]], said:<blockquote>When Gandhiji dreamt of India's future, he had said that the country will attain the real freedom only on the day when a Dalit would become the President of this country. This is our great fortune that today on the eve of golden jubilee of independence, we have been able to fulfil this dream of Gandhiji. In the person of Shri K. R. Narayanan we have been able to fulfil the dream of Gandhiji. Our President of whom the whole country is proud of, is from a very poor and downtrodden family and today he has endowed the Rashtrapati Bhavan with a new pride and respect. It is a matter of further happiness that the President has a very high place among the intellectuals of this country. This is a feather in the cap of our democracy that the backward sections of the society today are attaining their rightful place in society. All the countrymen today whether they are from minorities, scheduled castes [Dalits], or scheduled tribes [Adivasis] -- are working unitedly for the development of the country.</blockquote>
; Participation in the elections
In the [[Indian general elections 1977-1999#1998|general elections of 1998]], K. R. Narayanan became the first sitting President to vote (16 February 1998), casting his vote at a polling booth in a school within the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] complex after standing in a queue like an ordinary citizen. He insisted on casting his vote, despite the departure from precedent being pointed out to him. Narayanan sought to change what was a long-standing practice of Indian presidents not voting during general elections.<ref name="krn_vote">Sukumar Muralidharan: [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1505/15050260.htm "A role for the President"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628032831/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1505/15050260.htm|date=28 June 2006}}, ''Frontline'' '''15''' (5), 7–20 March 1998. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref><ref name="intervention_suku">Sukumar Muralidharan: [http://www.flonnet.com/fl1803/18031200.htm "A presidential intervention"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050923105507/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1803/18031200.htm|date=23 September 2005}}, ''Frontline'' '''18''' (3), 3–16 February 2001. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> He also exercised his franchise as President in the [[Indian general elections 1977-1999#1999|1999 general elections]].
; Golden jubilee of the Republic
President K. R. Narayanan's address to the nation<ref name="rep">K. R. Narayanan: [http://www.indiatogether.org/opinions/speeches/krn2000.htm Address to the nation on the golden jubilee of the Republic], 26 January 2000. Retrieved 24 February 2006. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324080606/http://www.indiatogether.org/opinions/speeches/krn2000.htm|date=24 March 2015}}</ref> on the golden jubilee of the Indian Republic (26 January 2000) is considered a landmark:<ref name="venkat">V. Venkatesan: [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1703/17030280.htm "A wake-up call"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050218180907/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1703/17030280.htm|date=18 February 2005}}, ''Frontline'' '''17''' (3), 5–18 February 2000. Retrieved 17 March 2006.</ref> it was the first time<ref name="joseph">Ammu Joseph: [http://www.humanscape.org/Humanscape/2000/April/hs40012t.htm "Areas of darkness"], ''Humanscape'', April 2000 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703151439/http://www.humanscape.org/Humanscape/2000/April/hs40012t.htm|date=3 July 2010}}</ref> a President attempted to analyse, with due concern for growing disparities, the several ways in which the country had failed<ref name="sainath">P. Sainath:[http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1703/17030290.htm "Iron in the soul, decay in the brain"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013063948/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1703/17030290.htm|date=13 October 2005}}, ''Frontline'' '''17''' (3), 5–18 February 2000. Retrieved 17 March 2006.</ref> to provide economic justice to the Indian people, particularly the rural and agrarian population; he also stated that discontent was breeding and frustrations erupting in violence among the deprived sections of society. In his address to Parliament<ref>K. R. Narayanan: [http://www.india-seminar.com/2000/487/487%20narayanan.htm Address to parliament on the golden jubilee of the Republic], 26 January 2000. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> later that day, he praised the work of [[B. R. Ambedkar]] on the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]] and cautioned against attempts to change its basic structure, concurring with Ambedkar's preference for accountability and responsibility over the stability of the government. He reiterated this in stronger terms in his next Republic day address (2001);<ref name="rep_2001">K. R. Narayanan: [http://meaindia.nic.in/speech/2001/01/25spc01.htm Address on Republic day], 26 January 2001. Retrieved 24 February 2006. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410180833/http://meaindia.nic.in/speech/2001/01/25spc01.htm|date=10 April 2009}}</ref> on this occasion, he took exception to certain proposals seeking to abridge the franchise, and pointed out the wisdom of reposing faith in the common men and women of India as a whole, rather than in some elite section of society.
In these addresses, he articulated opinions which departed in many ways from certain views of the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|A. B. Vajpayee]] government.<ref name="intervention_suku" /><ref>Sukumar Muralidharan, V. Venkatesan: [http://www.flonnet.com/fl1703/17030250.htm "A presidential intervention"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230083515/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1703/17030250.htm|date=30 December 2005}}, ''Frontline'' '''17''' (3), 5 – 18 February 2000. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref>
=== Exercise of Presidential discretion ===
President Narayanan introduced the important practice of explaining to the nation (by means of Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués) the thinking that led to the various decisions he took while exercising his discretionary powers; this has led to openness and transparency in the functioning of the President.
; Appointment of the Prime minister and dissolution of Parliament
During his Presidency, Narayanan dissolved the [[Lok Sabha]] twice after determining through consultations across the political spectrum, that no one was in a position to secure the confidence of the house. Congress president [[Sitaram Kesri]] withdrew his party's support of the [[I. K. Gujral]] government and staked his claim to form the government on 28 November 1997. Gujral advised Narayanan of the dissolution of the Lok Sabha. President Narayanan determined that no one would be able to secure a majority in the Lok Sabha and accepted Gujral's advice<ref>K. R. Narayanan: {{cite web|url=http://alfa.nic.in/rb/pr003.htm|title=Rashtrapati Bhavan communique concerning the dissolution of the eleventh Lok Sabha|accessdate=2017-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19980119180543/http://alfa.nic.in/rb/pr003.htm|archivedate=19 January 1998|deadurl=bot: unknown|df=}}, 4 December 1997. Archived Jan. 1998.</ref> (4 December). In the ensuing general elections, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) emerged as the single largest party, leading the largest pre-election coalition, the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA), and the coalition leader [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] staked his claim to form the government, though at that point he did not have a majority. Narayanan asked Vajpayee to furnish letters of support to demonstrate the NDA's ability to secure a majority. Vajpayee was able to meet this demand after support for the NDA grew, and subsequently he was appointed Prime Minister<ref>K. R. Narayanan: {{cite web|url=http://alfa.nic.in/rb/pr032.htm|title=Rashtrapati Bhavan communique concerning the appointment of the Prime minister|accessdate=2017-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990218135627/http://alfa.nic.in/rb/pr032.htm|archivedate=18 February 1999|deadurl=bot: unknown|df=}}, 15 March 1998. Archived Feb. 1999.</ref> (15 March 1998) on the condition (which was met) that a vote of confidence be secured within 10 days.<ref name="krn_vote" />
One of the coalition partners supporting the minority government (the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] under [[J. Jayalalithaa]]) wrote a letter to the President withdrawing support on 14 April 1999, and Narayanan advised Vajpayee to seek a [[vote of confidence]] in the Lok Sabha. This motion was defeated (17 April). Both Vajpayee and the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]], Congress president [[Sonia Gandhi]], then staked claims to form the government. Narayanan asked the NDA and the Congress party to show proof of support since the loss of the confidence vote. When evidence from neither party was forthcoming, Narayanan informed the Prime minister that fresh elections seemed to be the only way to resolve the crisis in governance. The Lok Sabha was then dissolved at Vajpayee's advice<ref>K. R. Narayanan: {{cite web|url=http://alfa.nic.in/rb/pr119.htm|title=Rashtrapati Bhavan communique concerning the dissolution of the twelfth Lok Sabha|accessdate=2017-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010220235512/http://alfa.nic.in/rb/pr119.htm|archivedate=20 February 2001|deadurl=bot: unknown|df=}}, 26 April 1999. Archived Feb. 2001.</ref> (26 April). (In the ensuing general elections, the NDA secured a majority and Vajpayee was reappointed Prime minister<ref>K. R. Narayanan: {{cite web|url=http://alfa.nic.in/rb/pr160.htm|title=Rashtrapati Bhavan communique concerning the appointment of the Prime minister|accessdate=2017-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001012185035/http://alfa.nic.in/rb/pr160.htm|archivedate=12 October 2000|deadurl=bot: unknown|df=}}, 11 October 1999. Archived Oct. 2000</ref> (11 October 1999) in a straightforward manner.)
In these decisions, President Narayanan set a new precedent concerning the appointment of a Prime minister – if no party or pre-election coalition had a majority, then a person would be appointed Prime minister only if he was able to convince the President (through letters of support from allied parties) of his ability to secure the confidence of the house. In doing so, he diverged from the actions of his predecessors who had been faced with the task of appointing a Prime minister from a [[hung parliament]], Presidents [[Neelam Sanjivareddy|N. Sanjiva Reddy]], [[R. Venkataraman]], and [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]: the latter two had followed the practice of inviting the leader of the single largest party or pre-election coalition to form the government without investigating their ability to secure the confidence of the house.
; Imposition of President's rule
President Narayanan returned for reconsideration the advices from the Union cabinet to impose [[President's rule]] in a state, in accordance with Article 356, in two instances: one from the Gujral government (22 October 1997) seeking to dismiss the [[Kalyan Singh]] government in [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>Venkitesh Ramakrishnan, Praveen Swami: [http://www.flonnet.com/fl1422/14220040.htm "A crisis defused"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041216190120/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1422/14220040.htm|date=16 December 2004}}, ''Frontline'' '''14''' (22), 1–14 November 1997. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> and the other from the Vajpayee government (25 September 1998) seeking to dismiss the [[Rabri Devi]] government in [[Bihar]].<ref>[[Praveen Swami]], Sudha Mahalingam: [http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1521/15210040.htm "The BJP's Bihar fiasco"], ''Frontline'' '''15''' (21), 10–23 October 1998. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> In both instances, he cited the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] judgement of 1994 on ''[[S. R. Bommai vs. Union of India]]'' and exercised his discretion. In both cases, the cabinet honoured the President's reservations. These remain the only occasions when a President urged such a reconsideration, and has set an important precedent concerning [[federalism]] and the rights of state governments.
; Kargil conflict
A [[Kargil War|military conflict]] was developed in [[Kargil district|Kargil]] on the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) with [[Pakistan]] in May 1999. The [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee government]] had lost a no-confidence vote in Lok Sabha earlier that year and the opposition failed to form the next government. The Lok Sabha had been dissolved and a [[caretaker government]] was in office. This caused a problem with democratic accountability, as every major government decision is expected to be discussed, deliberated and consented by the parliament. Narayanan suggested to Vajpayee that the [[Rajya Sabha]] be convened to discuss the conflict, as demanded by several opposition parties (citing the precedent of Nehru convening a parliamentary session on Vajpayee's demand during the Sino-Indian war in 1962 ) though there was no precedent of convening the Rajya Sabha in isolation during an interregnum.<ref>V. Venkatesan: [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1615/16150230.htm "Political echoes"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629035018/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1615/16150230.htm|date=29 June 2006}}, ''Frontline'' '''16''' (15), 17–30 July 1999. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> Further, Narayanan was briefed by the chiefs of the three arms of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] on the conduct of the conflict. His Republic day address next year<ref name="rep" /> began by paying homage to the soldiers who had died defending the nation.
=== Concern for social and economic justice ===
President Narayanan in his speeches consistently sought to remind the nation of its duties and obligations towards the Dalits and [[Adivasi]]s, the minorities, and the poor and downtrodden. He called the nation's attention to various recalcitrant social ills and evils, such as atrocities against women and children, caste discrimination and the ingrained attitudes it nurtured, abuse of the [[Natural environment|environment]] and public utilities, corruption and lack of accountability in the delivery of public services, [[religious fundamentalism]], advertisement-driven consumerism, and flouting of human rights, and lamented the absence of public concern, political debate, and civic action to address them. Drawing from the experiences of his own home state [[Kerala]], he pointed out that education was at the root of human and economic development. He hoped that the establishment would not fear the awakening of the masses through education, and spoke of the need to have faith in the people.<ref name="ram_int" /><ref name="rep" /><ref>K. R. Narayanan: [http://pib.myiris.com/speech/article.php3?fl=010618202022 Speech] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630093052/http://pib.myiris.com/speech/article.php3?fl=010618202022|date=30 June 2006}} while inaugurating the new complex of the Kerala Legislature, 22 May 1998. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref>
President Narayanan spoke on various occasions on the condition of the Dalits, Adivasis, and other backward sections of society, and the various iniquities they faced (often in defiance of law), such as denial of civic amenities, [[ostracism]], harassment and violence (particularly against women), and displacement by ill-conceived development projects.<ref name="rep" /><ref name="rep_2001" /><ref name="dal_mes">K. R. Narayanan: {{cite web|url=http://alfa.nic.in/rb/dalit98.htm|title=Message|accessdate=2017-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000607182210/http://alfa.nic.in/rb/dalit98.htm|archivedate=7 June 2000|deadurl=bot: unknown|df=}} on the first World convention of the Dalit international organisation in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 11 October 1998. Archived Jun. 2006.</ref>
He felt that the policy of reservations for the backward sections in education and the public sector had remained unfulfilled due to administrative distortions and narrow interpretations, and needed to be implemented with renewed vigour and sincerity; apprehensive of what he described as a counter-revolution among some privileged sections seeking to reverse progressive policies, he reminded the nation that these benefits were not charity, but had been provided by way of human rights and social justice to sections constituting a large portion of the population and contributing to the economy as landless agricultural labourers and industrial workers.<ref name="rep" /> In his 2002 Republic day address,<ref>K. R. Narayanan: [http://meaindia.nic.in/event/2002/01/25event01.htm Address on Republic day], 26 January 2002. Retrieved 24 February 2006. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410132431/http://meaindia.nic.in/event/2002/01/25event01.htm|date=10 April 2009}}</ref> he drew attention to the [[Bhopal Declaration]]{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} on the Dalit and Adivasi agenda for the 21st century and spoke of the necessity of the private sector adopting policies to promote equitable representation of the backward sections in their enterprises. In a governmental note on higher judicial appointments (which leaked to the press;<ref>V. K. Madhavan Kutty: [http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1603/16030240.htm "Behind the leak"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125104559/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1603/16030240.htm|date=25 November 2005}}, ''Frontline'' '''16''' (3), 30 January – 12 February 1999. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> January 1999), he observed that eligible persons from the backward sections were available and that their under-representation or non-representation was not justifiable;<ref>Sukumar Muralidharan: [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1603/16030220.htm "Wanted intervention, phoney controversy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629035005/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1603/16030220.htm|date=29 June 2006}}, ''Frontline'' '''16''' (3), 30 January – 12 February 1999. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> [[K. G. Balakrishnan]], a Dalit, was elevated to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] (8 June 2000), the fourth such instance, and the only one since 1989.
He felt that Ambedkar's exhortation to "educate, organise, agitate" continued to be relevant; with the Dalits forming a quarter of the population in a democracy with [[Universal suffrage|universal adult franchise]], he felt that the ultimate destiny of the backward sections lay in the hands of the backward sections themselves, organised socially and politically.<ref name="dal_mes" />
When the Australian missionary and social worker [[Graham Staines]] and his two minor sons were burned alive (22 January 1999), President Narayanan condemned it as a barbarous crime belonging to the world's inventory of black deeds.<ref>K. R. Narayanan: {{cite web|url=http://alfa.nic.in/rb/pr092.htm|title=Letter|accessdate=2017-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991008051634/http://alfa.nic.in/rb/pr092.htm|archivedate=8 October 1999|deadurl=bot: unknown|df=}} on the murder of Graham Staines and his two minor sons, 24 January 1999. Archived Oct. 1999.</ref>
Towards the end of his Presidency, [[2002 Gujarat riots|communal riots]] broke out in [[Gujarat]] (February 2002). President Narayanan was deeply pained and anguished, and described it as a grave crisis of the society and the nation; he called it the duty of every Indian to strive to restore peace and thus preserve and strengthen the foundations of the state and the tradition of tolerance. He did not stand the election for a second Presidential term due to the lack of support from the ruling government. After the demission of Presidential office, he lent his support to alternative globalisation movements like the [[World Social Forum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/S/html/press_release/press-new/pr370.htm|title=President stays away from Holi celebrations|accessdate=2017-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020821204337/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/S/html/press_release/press-new/pr370.htm|archivedate=21 August 2002|deadurl=bot: unknown|df=}}, 28 March 2002. Archived Aug. 2002.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/S/html/press_release/press-new/pr381.htm|title=Press release|accessdate=2017-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020823091659/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/S/html/press_release/press-new/pr381.htm|archivedate=23 August 2002|deadurl=bot: unknown|df=}} on the President meeting with victims of Gujarat violence, 27 April 2002. Archived Aug. 2002.</ref><ref>K. R. Narayanan: {{cite web|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/S/html/press_release/press-new/pr383.htm|title=Message|accessdate=2017-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020823092104/http://presidentofindia.nic.in/S/html/press_release/press-new/pr383.htm|archivedate=23 August 2002|deadurl=bot: unknown|df=}} to the nation on Gujarat violence, 29 April 2002. Archived Aug. 2002.</ref> After he had left the Presidency, and after the Vajpayee government had been voted out of power in the [[Indian general elections, 2004|general elections of May 2004]], in an interview on the third anniversary of the riots (in February 2005), he said;<ref name="ptt_int" /><blockquote>There was governmental and administrative support for the communal riots in Gujarat. I gave several letters to Prime Minister Vajpayee in this regard on this issue. I met him personally and talked to him directly. But Vajpayee did not do anything effective.
I requested him to send the army to Gujarat and suppress the riots. The military was sent, but they were not given powers to shoot. If the military was given powers to shoot at the perpetrators of violence, recurrence of tragedies in Gujarat could have been avoided. However, both the state(the [[Narendra Modi]] government) and central government did not do so. I feel there was a conspiracy involving the state and central governments behind the Gujarat riots.
</blockquote>He also stated that constitutional limits on his powers had prevented him from doing anything further.<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005030408891100.htm&date=2005/03/04/&prd=th& "Constitution limited my powers: Narayanan"], ''The Hindu'', 3 March 2005. Retrieved March 2006.</ref> Throughout his Presidency, Narayanan adopted the policy of not visiting places of worship or [[Godman (Hindu ascetic)|godmen/godwomen]]; he is the only President to have followed this practice.
=== Demission of office ===
As Narayanan's tenure neared its end, various sections of public opinion looked forward to a second term of his Presidency. The NDA had a slender majority in the electoral college. Narayanan offered to be a consensus candidate. The Opposition parties (including the Congress, the Left Front, [[Janata Dal (Secular)]], and various regional parties) supported a second term for him, and Sonia Gandhi met him to request his candidature; Vajpayee then met Narayanan, informed him that there was no consensus within the NDA on the question, and advised against his candidature. The NDA then proposed to elevate the Vice-President [[Krishan Kant]] as a consensus; this drew support from the Opposition and an agreement to this effect was conveyed by Vajpayee's representative to the Congress. However, within a day, the NDA unable to reach an internal consensus, decided to propose another candidate Dr. [[P. C. Alexander]]. Alexander's candidature drew disapproval of the Opposition parties. The Opposition parties approached Narayanan and renewed their request to seek a second term. The NDA then put forth a third candidate [[APJ Abdul Kalam|Abdul Kalam]] as their official choice, without seeking consensus; one opposition party (the [[Samajwadi Party]] under [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]) dissipated the unity of the Opposition by supporting this proposal. Narayanan opted himself out from a contest at this point.<ref>Purnima S. Tripathi, Sukumar Muralidharan: [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1912/19120270.htm "Elusive consensus"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629035030/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1912/19120270.htm|date=29 June 2006}}, ''Frontline'' '''19''' (12), 8–21 June 2002. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref><ref>V. Venkatesan: [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1913/19130110.htm "The political dynamics"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629035051/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1913/19130110.htm|date=29 June 2006}}, ''Frontline'' '''19''' (13), 22 June-5 Jul 2002. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref>
When asked about these events later,<ref name="ptt_int" /> Narayanan accused the BJP of scuttling a second term of his Presidency.
In his farewell address to the nation<ref>K. R. Narayanan: [http://pib.myiris.com/speech/article.php3?fl=020725151520 Farewell address to the nation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630093129/http://pib.myiris.com/speech/article.php3?fl=020725151520|date=30 June 2006}}, 24 July 2002. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> (24 July 2002), K. R. Narayanan set his hopes for social action and progress on the service of the nation by its youth. He reflected on his varied experiences of the essential goodness and wisdom of the Indian people, recalling how he had grown up in Uzhavoor among adherents of several religions, how religious tolerance and harmony had prevailed, how upper-caste [[Hinduism|Hindus]] and well-off Christians had helped him in his early studies, and how upper-caste Hindus as well as Christians and Muslims had worked together enthusiastically for his election campaigns in Ottapalam. He said that the credibility and endurance of India's unity and democracy are founded on its tradition of tolerance, and spoke of the need for Hindus, who form the majority, to express the traditional spirit of their religion.
Reflecting on his Presidency, K. R. Narayanan said:<ref name="ptt_int" /><blockquote>As the President of India, I had lots of experiences that were full of pain and helplessness. There were occasions when I could do nothing for people and for the nation. These experiences have pained me a lot. They have depressed me a lot. I have agonised because of the limitations of power. Power and the helplessness surrounding it are a peculiar tragedy, in fact.</blockquote>
== Subsequent life ==
After his retirement as President, K. R. Narayanan, along with his wife Usha, lived his remaining years in a central Delhi bungalow (on 34 [[Prithviraj Road]]).
At the [[World Social Forum]] (WSF) in [[Mumbai]] (21 January 2004), he lent his support to the [[Anti-globalization|alternative globalisation movement]]. Addressing the forum at its concluding session, he praised the WSF for demanding freedom in its most comprehensive form, and was happy that people had assembled under an important idea, rather than for narrow political ends; after reflecting on corporations displacing governments in various countries, and on how [[Mahatma Gandhi]] had fought British colonisers non-violently with the strength of the masses, he predicted that vocal masses the world over would successfully fight by non-violent means the capturing of the world's resources by a few corporations in the name of globalisation. He urged the people to struggle against power corporates and militarism and fight those aspects of globalisation which were against the interests of the people; he hailed people's power as a renascent factor of international politics.
K. R. Narayanan dedicated (15 February 2005) his ''tharavaadu'' at Uzhavoor to the [[Santhigiri Ashram]] in [[Pothencode]] for the purpose of establishing the [[Karunakara Guru|Navajyothisree Karunakara Guru]] research centre for [[Siddha]] and [[Ayurveda]].<ref>Manmohan Singh: [http://pmindia.nic.in/speech/content.asp?id=74 Speech] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005031402/http://pmindia.nic.in/speech/content.asp?id=74|date=5 October 2006}} on the dedication of K. R. Narayanan's ''tharavaadu'' for establishing a research centre in Indian medicine ([https://web.archive.org/web/20041209222914/http://www.santhigiri.org/conf2005/about_conf.html Navajyothisree Karunakara Guru research centre for Siddha and Ayurveda]), 15 February 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> This turned out to be his last return to Uzhavoor.
K. R. Narayanan died on 9 November 2005 aged 85 at the Army Research and Referral Hospital, New Delhi, after being briefly ill with [[pneumonia]] and consequent [[Kidney failure|renal failure]]. He was cremated with full state honours at sunset the following day, according to Hindu rites, which took place in Karma Bhumi near Rajghat, New Delhi.Every year on his death anniversary respects are paid at this Samadhi. The last rites were performed by his nephew Dr. P. V. Ramachandran, at ''[[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Ekta sthal]]'' on the banks of the River [[Yamuna]] (adjacent to ''Shanti van'', the memorial of his mentor Jawaharlal Nehru). Part of the urns containing the ashes were by taken by train to Haridwar where they were immersed in the Ganga by the eldest daughter in the presence of the Hindu pandit who performed the ceremony according to Hindu rites. The second part of the urns were accompanied by the younger daughter and taken to Kerala where the State Government arranged the procession to the Bharthapuzha river, a sacred river of Kerala.
Four siblings, K. R. Gowri, K. R. Bhargavi, K. R. Bharathi, and K. R. Bhaskaran, survived him; two elder brothers had died when Narayanan was in his twenties. His elder sister Gowri (a homoeopath, who remained unmarried) and his younger brother Bhaskaran (a teacher, also unmarried) had been living in Uzhavoor. Villagers of Uzhavoor marched silently to the ''tharavaadu'' of K. R. Narayanan and paid him reverent homage.
; From the sidelines of society
About his life and its message,<ref>Venkitesh Ramakrishnan: [http://www.flonnet.com/fl2224/stories/20051202005012500.htm "Citizen President"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326172812/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2224/stories/20051202005012500.htm|date=26 March 2006}}, ''Frontline'' '''22''' (24), 5–18 November 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2006.</ref> K. R. Narayanan said:<blockquote>I see and understand both the symbolic as well as the substantive elements of my life. Sometimes I visualise it as a journey of an individual from a remote village on the sidelines of society to the hub of social standing. But at the same time I also realise that my life encapsulates the ability of the democratic system to accommodate and empower marginalised sections of society.</blockquote>
== The K. R. Narayanan Foundation ==
The [https://web.archive.org/web/20091114065429/http://www.krnarayananfoundation.com/ K. R. Narayanan Foundation] (K.R.N.F) founded in December 2005, aims at propagating the ideals and perpetuating the memory of K. R. Narayanan. K.R.N.F is a mission of collective action to provide better future to the most vulnerable sections of Kerala Society – women, children, disabled persons, the aged and other disadvantaged groups – by providing educational training, protecting their health and environment, improving their living conditions and strengthening their family and community. The paradigms of K.R.N.F revolves around five crucial elements;
* research and development on science and technology for the dissemination of eco-friendly rural technology to the poor
* human resource development
* attitudinal change and self-management
* economic empowerment to the poor.
The Foundation is to identify and honour the best in areas of national importance like Integrity in Public Life, Journalism, Civil Service, Medical Science, Social Service, Literature, Sports, Entertainment, Politics etc.
K.R.N.F is also producing a documentary (both in [[Malayalam]] and [[English language|English]]) on the life of K. R. Narayanan, entitled [https://web.archive.org/web/20091114095143/http://www.krnarayananfoundation.com/Documentaryfilm.htm The Footprints Of Survival], aimed at propagating the ideals and perpetuating the memory of K.R.Narayanan. This documentary will be directed by Mr. Sunny Joseph, a senior journalist. The script will be based on a biography of the late President written by [[Eby J. Jose]], who is also the General Secretary of the K.R.N.F. The Foundation has planned to distribute DVD copies of the creative work to all schools, colleges and public libraries.
The Foundation General Secretary [http://www.ebyjjose.com Eby J. Jose] has written a biography of the late president titled [https://web.archive.org/web/20090810201154/http://krnarayananfoundation.com/KRNarayananBiography.htm K. R. Narayanan Bharathathinte Suryathejassu]. It is written in [[Malayalam]], the mother tongue of Dr. K. R. Narayanan. This book traces the not-so-rosy paths through which this great man had to travel.
== References ==
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice-President of India]]|years=1992–1997}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[President of India]]|years=1997–2002}}
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{{commons category|Kocheril Raman Narayanan}}{{Wikiquote}}
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