బోస్నియా, హెర్జెగోవినా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

 

సరాజెవో పట్టణ ప్రాంతంలో 3,95,133 నివాసితులు నివసిస్తున్నారు. ఇందులో సరాజెవో నగరం అలాగే ఇలిడజా, వోగోస్కా, ఇస్టోకానా ఇలిడజా, ఇస్టోక్నో నోవో సారాజెవో మరియు ఇస్టోచిని స్టేరి గ్రాడ్ మునిసిపాలిటీలు ఉన్నాయి.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/RezultatiPopisa_BS.pdf |title=Final results |publisher=Popis 2013 BiH |orig-year=2016 |accessdate=19 December 2017 |type=pdf}}</ref> మెట్రో ప్రాంతంలో 5,55,210 జనాభా ఉంది. సారాజెవో ఖండం, ఈస్ట్ సారాజెవో, బ్రెజా, కిసెల్జాక్,క్రెసెవొ, విసొకొ నగరపాలితాలు ఉన్నాయి.

 

[[File:Sarajevo, knihovna.jpg|thumb|The [[National Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina|National Library]] in [[Sarajevo]].]]

 

 

The architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina is largely influenced by four major periods where political and social changes influenced the creation of distinct cultural and architectural habits of the population. Each period made its influence felt and contributed to a greater diversity of cultures and architectural language in this region.

 

 

[[File:Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BHRT) building, Sarajevo.jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|left|The [[Radio and Television of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] headquarter in [[Sarajevo]].]]

Yet, internationally backed positive developments have been often obstructed by domestic elites, and the professionalisation of media and journalists has proceeded only slowly. High levels of partisanship and linkages between the media and the political systems hinder the adherence to professional code of conducts.<ref name=EJC/>

 

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a rich literature, including the [[Nobel prize]] winner [[Ivo Andrić]] and poets such as Croat [[Antun Branko Šimić]], [[Aleksa Šantić]], [[Jovan Dučić]] and [[Mak Dizdar]], writers such as [[Zlatko Topčić]], [[Meša Selimović]], [[Semezdin Mehmedinović]], [[Miljenko Jergović]], [[Isak Samokovlija]], [[Safvet beg Bašagić]], [[Abdulah Sidran]], [[Petar Kočić]], [[Aleksandar Hemon]], and Nedžad Ibrišimović. The National Theater was founded 1919 in Sarajevo and its first director was the dramatist [[Branislav Nušić]].

Magazines such as ''[[Novi Plamen]]'' or ''[http://sveske.ba/en Sarajevske sveske]'' are some of the more prominent publications covering cultural and literary themes.

 

 

[[File:Bosniangraves bosniska gravar februari 2007 stecak stecci5.jpg|upright=1.05|thumb|Stećci from Radimlja, near [[Stolac]] (13th century)]]

In 2007, [[Ars Aevi]], a museum of contemporary art that includes works by renowned world artists was founded in Sarajevo.

 

 

Typical Bosnian and Herzegovinian songs are ''ganga, rera'', and the traditional Slavic music for the folk dances such as ''[[kolo (dance)|kolo]]'' and from Ottoman era the most popular is [[sevdalinka]]. Pop and Rock music has a tradition here as well, with the more famous musicians including [[Dino Zonić]], [[Goran Bregović]], [[Davorin Popović]], [[Kemal Monteno]], [[Zdravko Čolić]], [[Elvir Laković]], [[Edo Maajka]], [[Hari Mata Hari]] and [[Dino Merlin]]. Other composers such as [[Đorđe Novković]], [[Al' Dino]], [[Haris Džinović]], [[Kornelije Kovač]], and many pop and [[Rock bands|rock band]]s, for example, [[Bijelo dugme|Bijelo Dugme]], [[Crvena Jabuka]], [[Divlje Jagode]], [[Indexi]], [[Plavi orkestar|Plavi Orkestar]], [[Zabranjeno Pušenje]], [[Ambasadori]], [[Dubioza kolektiv]], who were among the leading ones in the former Yugoslavia. Bosnia is home to the composer [[Dušan Šestić]], the creator of the current [[national anthem]] of Bosnia and Herzegovina and father of singer [[Marija Šestić]], to the world known jazz musician, educator and Bosnian jazz ambassador [[Sinan Alimanović]], composer [[Saša Lošić]] and pianist [[Saša Toperić]]. In the villages, especially in Herzegovina, Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats play the ancient ''[[Gusle]]''. The gusle is used mainly to recite epic poems in a usually dramatic tone.

Probably the most distinctive and identifiably "Bosnian" of music, Sevdalinka is a kind of emotional, melancholic folk song that often describes sad subjects such as love and loss, the death of a dear person or heartbreak. Sevdalinkas were traditionally performed with a [[saz (musical instrument)|saz]], a Turkish string instrument, which was later replaced by the accordion. However the more modern arrangement, to the derision of some purists, is typically a vocalist accompanied by the accordion along with snare drums, upright bass, guitars, clarinets and violins.

 

 

Sarajevo is internationally renowned for its eclectic and diverse selection of festivals. The [[Sarajevo Film Festival]] was established in 1995, during the Bosnian War and has become the premier and largest film festival in the Balkans and South-East Europe.

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[[File:Bosnian meat platter.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Bosnian meat platter]]

[[File:Mostar - Bosnia and Herzegovina - Waitress.jpg|thumbnail|right|A waitress in the Old City of [[Mostar]] wearing traditional dress.]]

Bosnian cuisine uses many spices, in moderate quantities. Most dishes are light, as they are cooked in lots of water; the sauces are fully natural, consisting of little more than the natural juices of the vegetables in the dish. Typical ingredients include tomatoes, potatoes, onions, [[garlic]], [[capsicum|peppers]], [[cucumber]]s, carrots, [[cabbage]], [[mushroom]]s, [[spinach]], [[zucchini]], [[bean|dried beans]], fresh beans, [[plum]]s, milk, [[paprika]] and cream called [[Smetana (dairy product)|Pavlaka]]. Bosnian cuisine is balanced between [[Western culture|Western]] and [[Eastern world|Eastern]] influences. As a result of the [[Turkish cuisine|Ottoman]] administration for almost 500 years, Bosnian food is closely related to [[Turkish cuisine|Turkish]], [[Greek cuisine|Greek]], and other former [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Mediterranean cuisine|Mediterranean]] cuisines. However, because of years of Austrian rule, there are many influences from Central Europe. Typical meat dishes include primarily beef and [[lamb and mutton|lamb]]. Some local specialties are [[Ćevapčići|ćevapi]], [[burek]], [[dolma]], [[sarma (food)|sarma]], [[pilav]], [[goulash]], [[ajvar]] and a whole range of Eastern sweets. Ćevapi is a grilled dish of minced meat, a type of [[kebab]], popular in former Yugoslavia and considered a national dish in Bosnia and Herzegovina<ref>{{cite web|title=Bosnia and Herzegovina|date=2009|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=27 July 2009|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/700826/Bosnia-and-Herzegovina}}</ref> and [[Serbia]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=aoVUAAAAMAAJ&q=cevapcici|title=The new Encyclopædia Britannica: A-ak&nbsp;– Bayes, Volume 1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=pssZAQAAIAAJ&q=cevapcici|title=Countries and Their Cultures: Saint Kitts and Nevis to Zimbabwe|page=68}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=TravelSerbia.Info&nbsp;– Your travel guide for Serbia|accessdate=9 August 2010|url=http://www.travelserbia.info/serbian-cuisine.php|title=Serbian cuisine}}</ref> Local wines come from [[Herzegovina]] where the climate is suitable for growing grapes. Herzegovinian ''loza'' (similar to Italian [[Grappa]] but less sweet) is very popular. Plum (''rakija'') or apple (''jabukovača'') alcohol beverages are produced in the north. In the south, distilleries used to produce vast quantities of [[brandy]] and supply all of ex-Yugoslav alcohol factories (brandy is the base of most [[alcoholic beverage|alcoholic drinks]]).

 

Coffeehouses, where [[Bosnian coffee]] is served in [[cezve|džezva]] with [[Turkish Delight|rahat lokum]] and sugar cubes, proliferate [[Sarajevo]] and every city in the country. Coffee drinking is a favorite Bosnian pastime and part of the culture. Bosnia and Herzegovina is the ninth country in the entire world by per capita coffee consumption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43742686|title=Coffee: Who grows, drinks and pays the most?|last=Jones|first=Lora|date=2018-04-13|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-05-13|language=en-GB}}</ref>

 

[[File:20150331 2219 AUT BIH 2704.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|[[Edin Džeko]], playing for the Bosnian national football team in the year 2015]]

[[File:Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium.jpg|thumb|The [[Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium]] in Sarajevo hosted the opening ceremony to the [[1984 Winter Olympics]] ]]