హంగరి: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 446:
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హంగరీ, హార్ట్ డిసీజ్, హైపర్ టెన్షన్, స్ట్రోక్ మరియు ఆత్మహత్యల మధ్య భారీ వ్యత్యాసాలు ఎక్కువగా వ్యవసాయ మరియు తక్కువ ఆదాయం ఉన్న గ్రేట్ ప్లెయిన్లో ఉన్నాయి. కానీ అధిక-ఆదాయం మరియు మధ్యతరగతి పాశ్చాత్యనాగరికతకు మారుతున్న సెంట్రల్ హంగేరీలో తక్కువగా ఉన్నాయి.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oefi.hu/olef/OLEF2003/Jelentesek/KronikusBbetegsegekOLEF2003.pdf|title=Egészségjelentés 2016|website=Oefi.hu|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref> స్మోకింగ్ కూడా హంగేరియన్ సమాజంలో గణనీయమైన నష్టాలను కలిగిస్తుంది. 2012 లో పెద్దవారిలో 28% మంది స్మోక్డ్, కఠినమైన నియంత్రణ కారణంగా 2013 లో 19%కు పడిపోయింది.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mno.hu/belfold/egy-ev-alatt-kilenc-szazalekkal-csokkent-a-dohanyosok-szama-1196229|title=Egy év alatt kilenc százalékkal csökkent a dohányosok száma|date=19 November 2013|website=Mno.hu|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref> దేశవ్యాప్తంగా ధూమపానం ఇండోర్ బహిరంగ ప్రదేశానికి విస్తరించింది. పొగాకు అమ్మకం జాతీయ నియంత్రిత పొగాకు దుకాణాలకు నేషనల్ టొబాకో షాప్ అని పిలుస్తారు.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbj.hu/economy/govt-allocates-huf-450-mln-to-company-facilitating-tobacco-sales-monopoly_64136|title=Govt allocates HUF 450 mln to company facilitating tobacco sales monopoly|website=Bbj.hu|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref> ఈ హత్యల శాతం 1,00,000 మందికి 1.3 గా ఉంది. ఇది ప్రపంచంలోనే అతి తక్కువగా ఉంది.
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Italy}}
[[File:Vicenza - (Lista del Patrimonio Mondiale) - Villa Almerico Capra (La Rotonda).JPG|thumb|[[Villa Capra "La Rotonda"]], one of the influential [[Palladian villas of the Veneto]].]]
For centuries divided by politics and geography until its eventual unification in 1861, Italy's culture has been shaped by a multitude of regional customs and local centres of power and [[patronage]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Killinger|first=Charles|title=Culture and customs of Italy|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-313-32489-5|page=3|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> Italy had a central role in Western culture for centuries and is still recognised for its cultural traditions and artists. During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, a number of magnificent [[Court (royal)|courts]] competed for attracting the best architects, artists and scholars, thus producing a great legacy of monuments, paintings, music and literature. Despite the political and social isolation of these courts, Italy's contribution to the cultural and historical heritage of Europe and the world remain immense.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Alison|title=Virtue and magnificence : art of the Italian Renaissance courts|year=1995|publisher=H.N. Abrams|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8109-2733-9}}</ref>
Italy has more [[UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in Italy|World Heritage Sites]] ([[Table of World Heritage Sites by country|54]]) than any other country in the world, and has rich collections of art, culture and literature from many periods. The country has had a broad cultural influence worldwide, also because numerous Italians emigrated to other places during the [[Italian diaspora]]. Furthermore, Italy has, overall, an estimated 100,000 monuments of any sort (museums, palaces, buildings, statues, churches, art galleries, villas, fountains, historic houses and archaeological remains),<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2005, pg. 19">Eyewitness Travel (2005), pg. 19</ref> and according to some estimates the nation is home to half the world's great art treasures.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abbot |first=Charles |date= 2006|title= Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGuWGa48iQMC&pg=PA101#v=onepage&f |publisher=Morellini Editore |page= 101}}</ref>
=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Architecture of Italy}}
Italy has a very broad and diverse architectural style, which cannot be simply classified by period, but also by region, because of Italy's division into several regional states until 1861. This has created a highly diverse and eclectic range in architectural designs.
Italy is known for its considerable architectural achievements,<ref>[http://www.justitaly.org/italy/italy-architecture.asp Architecture in Italy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115053940/http://www.justitaly.org/italy/italy-architecture.asp |date=15 January 2012 }}, ItalyTravel.com</ref> such as the construction of arches, domes and similar structures during [[ancient Rome]], the founding of the [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance architectural movement]] in the late-14th to 16th centuries, and being the homeland of [[Palladianism]], a style of construction which inspired movements such as that of [[Neoclassical architecture]], and influenced the designs which noblemen built their country houses all over the world, notably in the UK, Australia and the US during the late 17th to early 20th centuries. Several of the finest works in Western architecture, such as the [[Colosseum]], the [[Milan Cathedral]] and [[Florence cathedral]], the [[Leaning Tower of Pisa]] and the building designs of [[Venice]] are found in Italy.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Canal Grande Chiesa della Salute e Dogana dal ponte dell Accademia.jpg|The city of [[Venice]], built on 117 islands
File:Pisa - Campo Santo - Campanile 2 - 2005-08-08 10-23 2005.JPG|The [[Leaning Tower of Pisa|Leaning Tower]] and the [[Duomo di Pisa|Duomo]] of [[Pisa]]
File:Reggia di Caserta, prospettiva dalla fontana di Venere e Adone - panoramio.jpg|The [[Royal Palace of Caserta]]
File:Castel del Monte BW 2016-10-14 12-26-11 r.jpg|[[Castel del Monte, Apulia|Castel del Monte]], built by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
File:Agrigent BW 2012-10-07 13-09-13.jpg|[[Temple of Concordia, Agrigento|Temple of Concordia]] in the [[Valle dei Templi|Valley of the Temples]], [[Agrigento]]
</gallery>
Italian architecture has also widely influenced the architecture of the world. British architect [[Inigo Jones]], inspired by the designs of Italian buildings and cities, brought back the ideas of Italian Renaissance architecture to 17th-century England, being inspired by [[Andrea Palladio]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jones_inigo.shtml |title=History – Historic Figures: Inigo Jones (1573–1652) |publisher=BBC |date=1 January 1970 |accessdate=12 March 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821112543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jones_inigo.shtml |archivedate=21 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Additionally, [[Italianate architecture]], popular abroad since the 19th century, was used to describe foreign architecture which was built in an Italian style, especially modelled on [[Renaissance architecture]].
=== Visual art ===
{{Main|Art of Italy}}
[[File:Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - The Last Supper (1495-1498).jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Last Supper]]'' (1494–1499), [[Leonardo da Vinci]], Church of [[Santa Maria delle Grazie]], Milan]]
The history of Italian visual art is one of the most important parts of [[Western painting]] history. [[Roman art]] was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting. However, Roman painting does have important unique characteristics. The only surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in [[Campania]], in Southern Italy. Such painting can be grouped into 4 main "styles" or periods<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/roman/painting.html |title=Roman Painting |publisher=art-and-archaeology.com |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726163006/http://art-and-archaeology.com/roman/painting.html |archivedate=26 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and may contain the first examples of [[trompe-l'œil]], pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Rome4.htm |title=Roman Wall Painting |publisher=accd.edu |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319123717/http://www.accd.edu/sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Rome4.htm |archivedate=19 March 2007 |df= }}</ref>
Panel painting becomes more common during the [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]] period, under the heavy influence of Byzantine icons. Towards the middle of the 13th century, [[Medieval art]] and [[Gothic painting]] became more realistic, with the beginnings of interest in the depiction of volume and perspective in Italy with [[Cimabue]] and then his pupil [[Giotto]]. From Giotto on, the treatment of composition by the best painters also became much more free and innovative. They are considered to be the two great medieval masters of painting in western culture.
[[File:Michelangelo's David 2015.jpg|thumb|left|upright= 0.9|[[Michelangelo]]'s ''[[David]]'' (1501–1504), [[Galleria dell'Accademia]], Florence]]
The [[Italian Renaissance]] is said by many to be the [[Golden Age (metaphor)|golden age]] of painting; roughly spanning the 14th through the mid-17th centuries with a significant influence also out of the borders of modern Italy. In Italy artists like [[Paolo Uccello]], [[Fra Angelico]], [[Masaccio]], [[Piero della Francesca]], [[Andrea Mantegna]], [[Filippo Lippi]], [[Giorgione]], [[Tintoretto]], [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Michelangelo Buonarroti]], [[Raphael]], [[Giovanni Bellini]], and [[Titian]] took painting to a higher level through the use of [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective]], the study of [[human anatomy]] and proportion, and through their development of an unprecedented refinement in drawing and painting techniques. Michelangelo was an active sculptor from about 1500 to 1520, and his great masterpieces including his ''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'', ''[[Pietà (Michelangelo)|Pietà]]'', ''[[Moses (Michelangelo)|Moses]]''. Other prominent Renaissance sculptors include [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]], [[Luca Della Robbia]], [[Donatello]], [[Filippo Brunelleschi]] and [[Andrea del Verrocchio]].
[[File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''[[The Birth of Venus]]'' (1484-86), [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Uffizi|Uffizi Gallery]], Florence]]
In the 15th and 16th centuries, the [[High Renaissance]] gave rise to a stylised art known as [[Mannerism]]. In place of the balanced compositions and rational approach to perspective that characterised art at the dawn of the 16th century, the Mannerists sought instability, artifice, and doubt. The unperturbed faces and gestures of [[Piero della Francesca]] and the calm Virgins of Raphael are replaced by the troubled expressions of [[Pontormo]] and the emotional intensity of [[El Greco]]. In the 17th century, among the greatest painters of [[Italian Baroque]] are [[Caravaggio]], [[Annibale Carracci]], [[Artemisia Gentileschi]], [[Mattia Preti]], [[Carlo Saraceni]] and [[Bartolomeo Manfredi]]. Subsequently, in the 18th century, [[Italian Rococo art|Italian Rococo]] was mainly inspired by French Rococo, since France was the founding nation of that particular style, with artists such as [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]] and [[Canaletto]]. Italian Neoclassical sculpture focused, with [[Antonio Canova]]'s nudes, on the idealist aspect of the movement.
In the 19th century, major Italian [[Romantic painting|Romantic]] painters were [[Francesco Hayez]], [[Giuseppe Bezzuoli]] and [[Francesco Podesti]]. [[Impressionism]] was brought from France to Italy by the ''[[Macchiaioli]]'', led by [[Giovanni Fattori]], and [[Giovanni Boldini]]; [[Realism (arts)|Realism]] by [[Gioacchino Toma]] and [[Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo]]. In the 20th century, with [[Futurism]], primarily through the works of [[Umberto Boccioni]] and [[Giacomo Balla]], Italy rose again as a seminal country for artistic evolution in painting and sculpture. Futurism was succeeded by the metaphysical paintings of [[Giorgio de Chirico]], who exerted a strong influence on the [[Surrealists]] and generations of artists to follow.
=== Literature ===
{{Main|Literature of Italy}}
Italian literature began after the founding of Rome in 753 BC. Latin literature was, and still is, highly influential in the world, with numerous writers, poets, philosophers, and historians, such as [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Pliny the Younger]], [[Virgil]], [[Horace]], [[Propertius]], [[Ovid]] and [[Livy]]. The Romans were also famous for their oral tradition, poetry, drama and epigrams.<ref>{{Cite book|title=''Poetry and Drama: Literary Terms and Concepts.''|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|date=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHA_SydyKOYC&pg=PA39|accessdate=18 October 2011|isbn=9781615304905}}</ref> In early years of the 13th century, St. [[Francis of Assisi]] was considered the first Italian poet by literary critics, with his religious song ''[[Canticle of the Sun]]''.<ref>{{Cite book | chapter=2 – Poetry. Francis of Assisi (pp. 5ff.) | chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC&pg=PA5 | title=The Cambridge History of Italian Literature | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC&printsec=frontcover | editor1-first=Peter | editor1-last=Brand | editor2-first=Lino | editor2-last=Pertile | editor2link=Lino Pertile | year=1999 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=978-0-52166622-0 | accessdate=31 December 2015 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172548/https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC&printsec=frontcover | archivedate=10 June 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
[[File:DanteDetail.jpg|thumb|[[Dante Alighieri|Dante]], poised between the mountain of [[Purgatory]] and the city of Florence, displays the famous incipit "''Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita"'' of the ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' in a detail of [[Domenico di Michelino]]'s painting, 1465]]
Another Italian voice originated in Sicily. At the court of Emperor Frederick II, who ruled the Sicilian kingdom during the first half of the 13th century, lyrics modelled on Provençal forms and themes were written in a refined version of the local vernacular. The most important of these poets was the notary [[Giacomo da Lentini]], inventor of the [[sonnet]] form, though the most famous early sonneteer was [[Petrarch]].<ref>Ernest Hatch Wilkins, ''The invention of the sonnet, and other studies in Italian literature'' (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e letteratura, 1959), 11–39</ref>
[[Guido Guinizelli]] is considered the founder of the ''[[Dolce Stil Novo]]'', a school that added a philosophical dimension to traditional love poetry. This new understanding of love, expressed in a smooth, pure style, influenced [[Guido Cavalcanti]] and the [[Florence|Florentine]] poet [[Dante Alighieri]], who established the basis of the modern [[Italian language]]; his greatest work, the ''[[Divine Comedy]]'', is considered among the foremost literary statements produced in Europe during the [[Middle Ages]]; furthermore, the poet invented the difficult ''[[terza rima]]''. The two great writers of the 14th century, Petrarch and [[Giovanni Boccaccio]], sought out and imitated the works of antiquity and cultivated their own artistic personalities. Petrarch achieved fame through his collection of poems, ''[[Il Canzoniere]]''. Petrarch's love poetry served as a model for centuries. Equally influential was Boccaccio's ''[[The Decameron]]'', one of the most popular collections of short stories ever written.<ref name=Britannica-Shakespeare>{{cite encyclopedia| title = Giovanni Boccaccio: The Decameron.| encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]| location = | date = | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/70836/Giovanni-Boccaccio/755/The-Decameron| accessdate = 18 December 2013| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131219020413/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/70836/Giovanni-Boccaccio/755/The-Decameron| archivedate = 19 December 2013| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli by Santi di Tito.jpg|thumb|left|upright= 0.8|[[Niccolò Machiavelli]], founder of the modern political science and ethics]]
Italian Renaissance authors produced a number of important works. [[Niccolò Machiavelli]]'s ''[[The Prince]]'' is one of the world's most famous essays on political science and modern philosophy, in which the effective truth is taken to be more important than any abstract ideal. Another important work of the period, [[Ludovico Ariosto]]'s ''[[Orlando Furioso]]'', continuation of [[Matteo Maria Boiardo]]'s unfinished romance ''[[Orlando Innamorato]]'', is perhaps the greatest chivalry poem ever written. [[Baldassare Castiglione]]'s dialogue ''[[The Book of the Courtier]]'' describes the ideal of the perfect court gentleman and of spiritual beauty. The lyric poet [[Torquato Tasso]] in ''[[Jerusalem Delivered]]'' wrote a Christian epic, making use of the ''[[ottava rima]]'', with attention to the Aristotelian canons of unity.
[[Giovanni Francesco Straparola]] and [[Giambattista Basile]], which have written ''[[The Facetious Nights of Straparola]]'' (1550–1555) and the ''[[Pentamerone]]'' (1634) respectively, printed some of the first known versions of fairy tales in Europe.<ref>Steven Swann Jones, ''The Fairy Tale: The Magic Mirror of Imagination'', Twayne Publishers, New York, 1995, {{ISBN|0-8057-0950-9}}, p38</ref><ref>Bottigheimer 2012a, 7; Waters 1894, xii; Zipes 2015, 599.</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Opie |first=Iona |authorlink2=Peter Opie| first2 =Peter|last2 = Opie |authorlink=Iona Opie |title=The Classic Fairy Tales |location=Oxford and New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-211559-1}} See page 20. The claim for earliest fairy-tale is still debated, see for example Jan M. Ziolkowski, ''Fairy tales from before fairy tales: the medieval Latin past of wonderful lies'', University of Michigan Press, 2007. Ziolkowski examines [[Egbert of Liège]]'s Latin beast poem ''Fecunda natis'' (''The Richly Laden Ship'', c. 1022/24), the earliest known version of "[[Little Red Riding Hood]]". Further info: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071023044216/http://www.leithart.com/archives/003139.php Little Red Pentecostal], Peter J. Leithart, 9 July 2007.</ref> In the early 17th century, some literary masterpieces were created, such as [[Giambattista Marino]]'s long mythological poem, ''[[Giambattista Marino#L'Adone|L'Adone]]''. The Baroque period also produced the clear scientific prose of [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] as well as [[Tommaso Campanella]]'s ''[[The City of the Sun]]'', a description of a perfect society ruled by a philosopher-priest. At the end of the 17th century, the [[Academy of Arcadia|Arcadians]] began a movement to restore simplicity and classical restraint to poetry, as in [[Metastasio]]'s heroic melodramas. In the 18th century, playwright [[Carlo Goldoni]] created full written plays, many portraying the middle class of his day.
[[File:Pinocchio.jpg|thumb|upright= 0.67|''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio|Pinocchio]]'' is the world's most translated non-religious book<ref name=Gasparini/> and a canonical piece of children's literature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2697200012/pinocchio-carlo-collodi.html |title=Pinocchio: Carlo Collodi – Children's Literature Review |publisher=Encyclopedia.com |date= |accessdate=1 October 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003075814/http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2697200012/pinocchio-carlo-collodi.html |archivedate=3 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>]]
The Romanticism coincided with some ideas of the ''[[Risorgimento]]'', the patriotic movement that brought Italy political unity and freedom from foreign domination. Italian writers embraced Romanticism in the early 19th century. The time of Italy's rebirth was heralded by the poets [[Vittorio Alfieri]], [[Ugo Foscolo]], and [[Giacomo Leopardi]]. The works by [[Alessandro Manzoni]], the leading Italian Romantic, are a symbol of the Italian unification for their patriotic message and because of his efforts in the development of the modern, unified Italian language; his novel ''[[The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)|The Betrothed]]'' was the first Italian historical novel to glorify Christian values of justice and Providence, and it has been called the most famous and widely read novel in the Italian language.<ref name="Archibald Colquhoun 1954">Archibald Colquhoun. ''Manzoni and his Times.'' J. M. Dent & Sons, London, 1954.</ref>
In the late 19th century, a realistic literary movement called ''[[Verismo (literature)|Verismo]]'' played a major role in Italian literature; [[Giovanni Verga]] and [[Luigi Capuana]] were its main exponents. In the same period, [[Emilio Salgari]], writer of action adventure [[swashbuckler]]s and a pioneer of science fiction, published his ''[[Sandokan]]'' series.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gaetana Marrone|author2=Paolo Puppa|title=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1654|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-45530-9|page=1654}}</ref> In 1883, [[Carlo Collodi]] also published the novel ''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio]]'', the most celebrated children's classic by an Italian author and the most translated non-religious book in the world.<ref name=Gasparini>Giovanni Gasparini. ''La corsa di Pinocchio''. Milano, Vita e Pensiero, 1997. p. 117. {{ISBN|88-343-4889-3}}</ref> A movement called [[Futurism]] influenced Italian literature in the early 20th century. [[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti]] wrote ''[[Manifesto of Futurism]]'', called for the use of language and metaphors that glorified the speed, dynamism, and violence of the machine age.<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|title=The 20th-Century art book.|year=2001|publisher=Phaidon Press|location=dsdLondon|isbn=978-0714835426|edition=Reprinted.}}</ref>
Modern literary figures and Nobel laureates are [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]] from 1889 to 1910, nationalist poet [[Giosuè Carducci]] in 1906, realist writer [[Grazia Deledda]] in 1926, modern theatre author [[Luigi Pirandello]] in 1936, short stories writer [[Italo Calvino]] in 1960, poets [[Salvatore Quasimodo]] in 1959 and [[Eugenio Montale]] in 1975, [[Umberto Eco]] in 1980, and satirist and theatre author [[Dario Fo]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/|title=All Nobel Prizes in Literature|publisher=Nobelprize.org|accessdate=30 May 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529091551/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/|archivedate=29 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Prominent [[Italian philosophy|Italian philosophers]] include [[Cesare Beccaria]], [[Giordano Bruno]], [[Benedetto Croce]], [[Marsilio Ficino]], and [[Giambattista Vico]].
=== Theatre ===
{{Main|Commedia dell'arte}}
{{See also|Theatre of ancient Rome}}
[[File:Architettura La Scala operahouse.jpg|thumb|right|[[La Scala]] is ranked the best opera house in the world.<ref>[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/ "Top 10: Opera Houses"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 14 April 2014</ref>]]
Italian theatre can be traced back to the Roman tradition. The [[theatre of ancient Rome]] was a thriving and diverse art form, ranging from festival performances of street theatre, nude dancing, and acrobatics, to the staging of [[Plautus]]'s broadly appealing situation comedies, to the high-style, verbally elaborate tragedies of [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]]. Although Rome had a native tradition of performance, the [[Hellenization]] of [[Culture of ancient Rome|Roman culture]] in the 3rd century BCE had a profound and energising effect on Roman theatre and encouraged the development of Latin literature of the highest quality for the stage. As with many other literary genres, Roman dramatists was heavily influenced or tended to adapt from the Greek. For example, Seneca's ''[[Phaedra (Seneca)|Phaedra]]'' was based on that of [[Euripides]], and many of the comedies of [[Plautus]] were direct translations of works by [[Menander]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Theatre and Drama in the Making|last=Gassner|first=John |publisher=Applause Theatre Books|year=1992|location=New York}}</ref>
During the 16th century and on into the 18th century, [[Commedia dell'arte]] was a form of [[improvisational theatre]], and it is still performed today. Travelling troupes of players would set up an outdoor stage and provide amusement in the form of [[juggling]], [[acrobatics]] and, more typically, humorous plays based on a repertoire of established characters with a rough storyline, called ''[[canovaccio]]''. Plays did not originate from written drama but from scenarios called [[lazzi]], which were loose frameworks that provided the situations, complications, and outcome of the action, around which the actors would improvise. The characters of the ''commedia'' usually represent fixed social types and [[stock character]]s, each of which has a distinct [[Costumes in commedia dell'arte|costume]], such as foolish old men, devious servants, or military officers full of false [[bravery|bravado]]. The main categories of these characters include servants, old men, lovers, and captains.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Routledge Companion to Commedia Dell'Arte|author1=Chaffee, Judith |author2=Crick, Olly|publisher=Rutledge Taylor and Francis Group|year=2015|isbn=978-0-415-74506-2|location=London and New York|page=1|quote=|via=}}</ref>
[[Carlo Goldoni]], who wrote a few scenarios starting in 1734, supersed the comedy of masks and the comedy of intrigue by representations of actual life and manners through the characters and their behaviours. He rightly maintained that Italian life and manners were susceptible of artistic treatment such as had not been given them before.
The [[Teatro di San Carlo]] in Naples is the oldest continuously active venue for public opera in the world, opening in 1737, decades before both the Milan's [[La Scala]] and Venice's [[La Fenice]] theatres.<ref name=SanCarlo>{{cite web|url=http://www.teatrosancarlo.it/teatro/il?_locale|title=The Theatre and its history|publisher=Teatro di San Carlo's official website|date=23 December 2013}}</ref>
=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Italy}}
[[File:GiacomoPuccini.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Giacomo Puccini]], Italian composer whose operas, including ''[[La bohème]]'', ''[[Tosca]]'', ''[[Madama Butterfly]]'' and ''[[Turandot]]'', are among the most frequently worldwide performed in the [[List of important operas|standard repertoire]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.operaamerica.org/pressroom/quickfacts2006.html | title=Quick Opera Facts 2007 | publisher=OPERA America | year=2007 | accessdate=23 April 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001054025/http://www.operaamerica.org/pressroom/quickfacts2006.html |archivedate = 1 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://opera.stanford.edu/misc/Dornic_survey.html | title=An Operatic Survey | publisher=Opera Glass | author=Alain P. Dornic | year=1995 | accessdate=23 April 2007 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914030020/http://opera.stanford.edu/misc/Dornic_survey.html | archivedate=14 September 2007 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>]]
From [[Italian folk music|folk music]] to [[European classical music|classical]], music has always played an important role in Italian culture. Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Italy,<ref>{{cite book|last=Erlich|first=Cyril|title=The Piano: A History|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], USA; Revised edition|year=1990|isbn=978-0-19-816171-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Edward Heron|title=Violin-making, as it was and is: Being a Historical, Theoretical, and Practical Treatise on the Science and Art of Violin-making, for the Use of Violin Makers and Players, Amateur and Professional. Preceded by An Essay on the Violin and Its Position as a Musical Instrument|date=1914|publisher= E. Howe}} Accessed 5 September 2015.</ref> and many of the prevailing classical music forms, such as the [[symphony]], concerto, and [[sonata]], can trace their roots back to innovations of 16th- and 17th-century Italian music.
Italy's most famous composers include the [[List of Renaissance composers#Italian|Renaissance composers]] [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]], [[Claudio Monteverdi|Monteverdi]] and [[Carlo Gesualdo|Gesualdo]], the [[List of Baroque composers|Baroque composers]] [[Domenico Scarlatti|Scarlatti]], [[Arcangelo Corelli|Corelli]] and [[Antonio Vivaldi|Vivaldi]], the [[List of Classical era composers|Classical composers]] [[Giovanni Paisiello|Paisiello]], [[Niccolò Paganini|Paganini]] and [[Gioachino Rossini|Rossini]], and the [[List of Romantic-era composers|Romantic composers]] [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]] and [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]]. Modern Italian composers such as [[Luciano Berio|Berio]] and [[Luigi Nono (composer)|Nono]] proved significant in the development of [[experimental music|experimental]] and [[electronic music]]. While the classical music tradition still holds strong in Italy, as evidenced by the fame of its innumerable opera houses, such as ''[[La Scala]]'' of Milan and ''[[Teatro di San Carlo|San Carlo]]'' of Naples (the oldest continuously active venue for public opera in the world),<ref name=SanCarlo/> and performers such as the pianist [[Maurizio Pollini]] and tenor [[Luciano Pavarotti]], Italians have been no less appreciative of their thriving contemporary music scene.
[[File:Luciano Pavarotti in Saint Petersburg.jpg|thumb|left|[[Luciano Pavarotti]], one of the most influential tenors of all time]]
Italy is widely known for being the birthplace of opera.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=C37Gq2GagZIC&printsec=frontcover |title=Italian Opera |date= 29 April 1994|accessdate=20 December 2009|isbn=978-0-521-46643-1|author1=Kimbell, David R. B}}</ref> [[Italian opera]] was believed to have been founded in the early 17th century, in cities such as [[Mantua]] and [[Venice]].<ref name="books.google.co.uk"/> Later, works and pieces composed by native Italian composers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as [[Rossini]], [[Vincenzo Bellini|Bellini]], [[Donizetti]], [[Verdi]] and [[Puccini]], are among the most famous operas ever written and today are performed in opera houses across the world. La Scala operahouse in Milan is also renowned as one of the best in the world. Famous Italian opera singers include [[Enrico Caruso]] and [[Alessandro Bonci]].
Introduced in the early 1920s, [[jazz]] took a particularly strong foothold in Italy, and remained popular despite the xenophobic cultural policies of the Fascist regime. Today, the most notable centres of jazz music in Italy include Milan, Rome, and Sicily. Later, Italy was at the forefront of the [[progressive rock]] and pop movement of the 1970s, with bands like [[Premiata Forneria Marconi|PFM]], [[Banco del Mutuo Soccorso]], [[Le Orme]], [[Goblin (band)|Goblin]], and [[Pooh (band)|Pooh]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Keller, Catalano and Colicci |title=Garland Encyclopedia of World Music |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Gh03DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1022&lpg=PT1022&q=keller%20catalano%20and%20colicci |pages= 604–625|isbn=9781351544269 |date=2017-09-25 }}</ref> The same period saw diversification in the [[cinema of Italy]], and [[Cinecittà]] films included complex scores by composers including [[Ennio Morricone]], [[Armando Trovaioli]], [[Piero Piccioni]] and [[Piero Umiliani]]. In the early 1980s, the first star to emerge from the [[Italian hip hop]] scene was singer [[Jovanotti]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/arts/music/jovanotti-italian-rapper-brings-his-act-to-new-york.html |title=A Roman Rapper Comes to New York, Where He Can Get Real |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref> Popular Italian metal bands such as [[Rhapsody of Fire]], [[Lacuna Coil]], [[Elvenking (band)|Elvenking]], [[Forgotten Tomb]], and [[Fleshgod Apocalypse]] are also seen as pioneers of various heavy metal subgenres.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sharpe-Young|first1= Garry|authorlink1= MusicMight|title= A–Z of Power Metal|series= Rockdetector Series|year= 2003|publisher= Cherry Red Books|isbn= 978-1-901447-13-2}} "American metal such as Queensrÿche, Attacker, Jag Panzer, Iced Earth, Liege Lord, and Savatage; European bands such as Helloween, Gamma Ray, Blind Guardian, Running Wild, and Grave Digger;"</ref>
[[File:Giorgio Moroder Melt! 2015 02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Giorgio Moroder]], pioneer of [[Italo disco]] and [[electronic dance music]], is known as the "Father of Disco"<ref name=Moroder>"This record was a collaboration between Philip Oakey, the big-voiced lead singer of the techno-pop band the Human League, and Giorgio Moroder, the Italian-born father of disco who spent the '80s writing synth-based pop and film music." {{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r59464|pure_url=yes}}
|title=Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder: Overview |accessdate=21 December 2009 |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |author=Evan Cater}}</ref>]]
Italy was also an important country in the development of [[disco]] and [[electronic music]], with [[Italo disco]], known for its futuristic sound and prominent use of synthesisers and [[drum machine]]s, being one of the earliest electronic dance genres, as well as European forms of disco aside from [[Euro disco]] (which later went on to influence several genres such as [[Eurodance]] and [[Nu-disco]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Scene and heard: Italo-disco|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/sep/01/sceneandhearditalodisco|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=14 July 2012|location=London|first=John|last=McDonnell|date=1 September 2008}}</ref> By circa 1988, the genre had merged into other forms of European dance and electronic music, such as [[Italo house]], which blended elements of Italo disco with traditional house music; its sound was generally uplifting, and made strong usage of piano melodies. Some bands of this genre are [[Black Box (band)|Black Box]], [[East Side Beat]], and [[49ers (band)|49ers]]. By the latter half of the 1990s, a subgenre of Eurodance known as [[Italo dance]] emerged. Taking influences from Italo disco and Italo house, Italo dance generally included synthesizer riffs, a melodic sound, and the usage of vocoders. Notable Italian DJs and remixers include [[Gabry Ponte]] (member of the group [[Eiffel 65]]), [[Benny Benassi]], [[Gigi D'Agostino]], and the trio [[Tacabro]].
Producers such as [[Giorgio Moroder]], who won three [[Academy Award]]s and four [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globes]] for his music, were highly influential in the development of [[electronic dance music]].<ref name=Moroder/> Today, Italian pop music is represented annually with the [[Sanremo Music Festival]], which served as inspiration for the [[Eurovision]] song contest, and the [[Festival of Two Worlds]] in [[Spoleto]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/7817 | publisher = www.esctoday.com | accessdate =18 August 2011 | title = Sanremo Music Festival kicks off tonight | date = 27 February 2007 | author = Yiorgos Kasapoglou}}</ref> Singers such as [[Mina (singer)|Mina]], [[Andrea Bocelli]], [[Grammy]] winner [[Laura Pausini]], [[Zucchero Fornaciari|Zucchero]], [[Eros Ramazzotti]] and [[Tiziano Ferro]] have attained international acclaim.
=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Italy}}
The history of Italian cinema began a few months after the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]] began motion picture exhibitions. The first Italian film was a few seconds, showing [[Pope Leo XIII]] giving a blessing to the camera. The Italian film industry was born between 1903 and 1908 with three companies: the Società Italiana Cines, the [[Ambrosio Film]] and the Itala Film. Other companies soon followed in Milan and in Naples. In a short time these first companies reached a fair producing quality, and films were soon sold outside Italy. Cinema was later used by [[Benito Mussolini]], who founded Rome's renowned [[Cinecittà]] studio for the production of Fascist propaganda until World War II.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1996/mussolini.html |title=The Cinema Under Mussolini |publisher=Ccat.sas.upenn.edu |accessdate=30 October 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731200507/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1996/mussolini.html |archivedate=31 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
After the war, Italian film was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline around the 1980s. [[List of film directors from Italy|Notable Italian film directors]] from this period include [[Vittorio De Sica]], [[Federico Fellini]], [[Sergio Leone]], [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], [[Luchino Visconti]], [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] and [[Roberto Rossellini]]; some of these are recognised among the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|title=The Bicycle Thief / Bicycle Thieves (1949)|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19990319/REVIEWS08/903190306/1023|publisher=Chicago Sun-Times|accessdate=8 September 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rMY1F7y2?url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19990319%2FREVIEWS08%2F903190306%2F1023|archivedate=20 July 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/directing/articles-directing/the-25-most-influential-directors-of-all-time-3358/|title=The 25 Most Influential Directors of All Time|work=MovieMaker Magazine|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211230213/http://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/directing/articles-directing/the-25-most-influential-directors-of-all-time-3358|archivedate=11 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://whatculture.com/film/10-most-influential-directors-of-all-time.php/2|title=10 Most Influential Directors Of All Time|work=WhatCulture.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121112410/http://whatculture.com/film/10-most-influential-directors-of-all-time.php/2|archivedate=21 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Movies include world cinema treasures such as ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'', ''[[La dolce vita]]'', ''[[8½]]'', ''[[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly]]'' and ''[[Once Upon a Time in the West]]''. The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of [[Italian neorealism|neorealist films]], reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/Neorealism-HISTORICAL-ORIGINS-OF-ITALIAN-NEOREALISM.html |title=Historical origins of italian neorealism – Neorealism – actor, actress, film, children, voice, show, born, director, son, cinema, scene |publisher=Filmreference.com |accessdate=7 September 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514060041/http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Independent-Film-Road-Movies/Neorealism-HISTORICAL-ORIGINS-OF-ITALIAN-NEOREALISM.html |archivedate=14 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.criterion.com/explore/6-italian-neorealism |title=Italian Neorealism – Explore – The Criterion Collection |publisher=Criterion.com |accessdate=7 September 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918102158/http://www.criterion.com/explore/6-italian-neorealism |archivedate=18 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
[[File:Cinecittà - Entrance.jpg|thumb|Entrance to [[Cinecittà]] in Rome, the largest film studio in Europe]]
As the country grew wealthier in the 1950s, a form of neorealism known as pink neorealism succeeded, and other [[film genre]]s, such as [[sword-and-sandal]] followed as [[spaghetti western]]s, were popular in the 1960s and 1970s. Actresses such as [[Sophia Loren]], [[Giulietta Masina]] and [[Gina Lollobrigida]] achieved international stardom during this period. Erotic Italian thrillers, or ''[[giallo]]s'', produced by directors such as [[Mario Bava]] and [[Dario Argento]] in the 1970s, also influenced the horror genre worldwide. In recent years, the Italian scene has received only occasional international attention, with movies like ''[[Life Is Beautiful]]'' directed by [[Roberto Benigni]], ''[[Il Postino: The Postman]]'' with [[Massimo Troisi]] and ''[[The Great Beauty]]'' directed by [[Paolo Sorrentino]].
The aforementioned [[Cinecittà]] studio is today the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the Italian cinema, where a large number of biggest box office hits are filmed, and one of the biggest production communities in the world. In the 1950s, the number of international productions being made there led to Rome's being dubbed "''[[Hollywood on the Tiber]]''". More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, of which 90 received an [[Academy Award]] nomination and 47 of these won it, from some cinema classics to recent rewarded features (such as ''[[Roman Holiday]]'', ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)|Romeo and Juliet]]'', ''[[The English Patient (film)|The English Patient]]'', ''[[The Passion of the Christ]]'', and ''[[Gangs of New York]]'').<ref>{{Cite book|title = Italian Cinema: From Neorealism to the Present|url = https://books.google.com/books/about/Italian_cinema.html?id=PiTBFMc7tp4C|publisher = Continuum|date = 2001|isbn = 9780826412478|language = en|first = Peter E.|last = Bondanella|page = 13}}</ref>
Italy is the most awarded country at the [[Academy Award]]s for [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]], with 14 awards won, 3 [[Academy Honorary Award|Special Awards]] and 31 [[List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|nominations]]. {{as of|2016}}, Italian films have also won 12 [[Palme d'Or|Palmes d'Or]] (the second-most of any country), 11 [[Golden Lion]]s and 7 [[Golden Bear]]s.
=== Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Italy}}
The most popular sport in Italy is, by far, [[Association football|football]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hamil|first=Sean|title=Managing football : an international perspective|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-85617-544-9|page=285|edition=1st ed., dodr.|last2=Chadwick|first2=Simon}}</ref> Italy's [[Italy national football team|national football team]] (nicknamed ''Gli Azzurri'' – "the Blues") is one of the world's most successful team as it has won four [[FIFA World Cup]]s (1934, 1938, 1982 and 2006).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/index.html |title=Previous FIFA World Cups |publisher=FIFA.com |accessdate=8 January 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125063612/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/index.html |archivedate=25 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Italian clubs have won 48 major European trophies, making Italy the [[List of UEFA club competition winners#By country|second most successful country in European football]]. Italy's top-flight club football league is named [[Serie A]] and ranks as the [[UEFA coefficient|third best in Europe]] and is followed by millions of fans around the world.
Other popular team sports in Italy include [[volleyball]], [[basketball]] and [[rugby football|rugby]]. Italy's [[Italy national volleyball team|male]] and [[Italy women's national volleyball team|female]] national volleyball teams are often [[FIVB World Rankings|featured among the world's best]]. The [[Italian national basketball team]]'s best results were gold at [[Eurobasket 1983]] and [[EuroBasket 1999]], as well as silver at the Olympics in [[Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004]]. [[Lega Basket Serie A]] is widely considered [[European national basketball league rankings|one of the most competitive in Europe]]. [[Rugby union]] enjoys a good level of popularity, especially in the north of the country. Italy's [[Italy national rugby union team|national team]] competes in the [[Six Nations Championship]], and is a regular at the [[Rugby World Cup]]. Italy ranks as a tier-one nation by [[World Rugby]]. The [[Italy men's national volleyball team|men's volleyball team]] won three consecutive [[FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship|World Championships]] (in 1990, 1994, and 1998) and earned the [[Olympics|Olympic]] silver medal in 1996, 2004, and 2016.
Italy has a long and successful tradition in individual sports as well. [[Bicycle racing]] is a very familiar sport in the country.<ref>{{cite book|last=Foot|first=John|title=Pedalare! Pedalare! : a history of Italian cycling|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=London|isbn=978-1-4088-2219-7|page= 312|date=2012-05-10}}</ref> Italians have won the [[UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race|UCI World Championships]] [[UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race#Medalists by nation|more than any other country]], except [[Belgium]]. The [[Giro d'Italia]] is a cycling race held every May, and constitutes one of the three [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tours]], along with the [[Tour de France]] and the [[Vuelta a España]], each of which last approximately three weeks. [[Alpine skiing]] is also a very widespread sport in Italy, and the country is a popular international skiing destination, known for its ski resorts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hall|first=James|title=Italy is best value skiing country, report finds|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/9697128/Italy-is-best-value-skiing-country-report-finds.html|accessdate=29 August 2013|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=23 November 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003012827/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/9697128/Italy-is-best-value-skiing-country-report-finds.html|archivedate=3 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Italian skiers achieved good results in [[Winter Olympic Games]], [[FIS Alpine Ski World Cup|Alpine Ski World Cup]], and [[FIS Alpine World Ski Championships|World Championship]]. [[Tennis]] has a significant following in Italy, ranking as the fourth most practised sport in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Il tennis è il quarto sport in Italia per numero di praticanti|url=http://www.federtennis.it/DettaglioNews.asp?IDNews=55672|publisher=Federazione Italiana Tennis|accessdate=29 August 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927033216/http://www.federtennis.it/DettaglioNews.asp?IDNews=55672|archivedate=27 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Italian Open (tennis)|Rome Masters]], founded in 1930, is one of the most prestigious tennis tournaments in the world. Italian professional tennis players won the [[Davis Cup]] in 1976 and the [[Fed Cup]] in 2006, 2009, 2010 and 2013. [[Motorsports]] are also extremely popular in Italy. Italy has won, by far, [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World champions#By country|the most MotoGP World Championships]]. Italian [[Scuderia Ferrari]] is the oldest surviving team in [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand Prix]] racing, having competed since 1948, and statistically the [[List of Formula One Grand Prix winners (constructors)|most successful Formula One team in history]] with a record of 232 wins.
Historically, Italy has been successful in the [[Olympic Games]], taking part from the [[1896 Summer Olympics|first Olympiad]] and in 47 Games out of 48. [[Italy at the Olympics|Italian sportsmen]] have won 522 medals at the [[Summer Olympic Games]], and another 106 at the [[Winter Olympic Games]], for a combined total of 628 medals with 235 golds, which makes them the [[All-time Olympic Games medal table|fifth most successful nation in Olympic history]] for total medals. The country hosted two Winter Olympics (in [[1956 Winter Olympics|1956]] and [[2006 Winter Olympics|2006]]), and one Summer games (in [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]).
<gallery widths="200px" heights="165px">
File:Giro d'Italia 2012, 072 pampeago rodriguez met puffertje (17786750665).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Starting in 1909, the [[Giro d'Italia]] is the [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grands Tours]]' second oldest<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uciprotour.com/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId=MTcxNw&ObjTypeCode=FILE&type=FILE&id=34028&LangId=1|title=Union Cycliste Internationale|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114060844/http://www.uciprotour.com/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId=MTcxNw&ObjTypeCode=FILE&type=FILE&id=34028&LangId=1|archivedate=14 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
File:Räikkönen Ferrari SF71H Testing Barcelona.jpg|A [[Ferrari SF71H]] by [[Scuderia Ferrari]], the oldest surviving and most successful [[Formula One]] team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/teams/Ferrari.html|title=Ferrari|work=Formula1.com|accessdate=6 February 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208235628/http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/teams/Ferrari.html|archivedate=8 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
File:Nat team of italy 2012.jpg|The ''[[Italy national football team|Azzurri]]'', here players of 2012, is the men's national football team
</gallery>
=== Fashion and design ===
{{Main|Italian fashion|Italian design}}
[[File:Prada milano.JPG|thumb|[[Prada]] shop in Milan]]
Italian fashion has [[History of Italian fashion|a long tradition]], and is regarded as one most important in the world. Milan, Florence and Rome are Italy's main [[fashion capital]]s. According to ''Top Global Fashion Capital Rankings'' 2013 by [[Global Language Monitor]], Rome ranked sixth worldwide when Milan was twelfth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/sorry-kate-new-york-edges-paris-and-london-in-top-global-fashion-capital-10th-annual-survey/|title=New York Takes Top Global Fashion Capital Title from London, edging past Paris|publisher=Languagemonitor.com|date=|accessdate=25 February 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011026/http://www.languagemonitor.com/fashion/sorry-kate-new-york-edges-paris-and-london-in-top-global-fashion-capital-10th-annual-survey/|archivedate=22 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Major Italian fashion labels, such as [[Gucci]], [[Armani]], [[Prada]], [[Versace]], [[Valentino SpA|Valentino]], [[Dolce & Gabbana]], [[Missoni]], [[Fendi]], [[Moschino]], [[Max Mara]], [[Trussardi]], and [[Ferragamo]], to name a few, are regarded as among the finest fashion houses in the world. Also, the fashion magazine [[Vogue Italia]], is considered one of the most prestigious fashion magazines in the world.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/?id=pkeaOOxb_isC&pg=PA16#v=onepage | title = Your Modeling Career: You Don't Have to Be a Superstar to Succeed | isbn = 978-1-58115-045-2 | first=Debbie | last = Press | year = 2000}}</ref>
Italy is also prominent in the field of design, notably interior design, [[architectural design]], [[industrial design]] and [[urban design]]. The country has produced some well-known furniture designers, such as [[Gio Ponti]] and [[Ettore Sottsass]], and Italian phrases such as ''"Bel Disegno"'' and ''"Linea Italiana"'' have entered the vocabulary of furniture design.<ref>Miller (2005) p. 486</ref> Examples of classic pieces of Italian [[white goods]] and pieces of furniture include [[Zanussi]]'s [[washing machine]]s and [[fridge]]s,<ref name="Insight Guides 2004 p.220">Insight Guides (2004) p.220</ref> the "New Tone" sofas by Atrium,<ref name="Insight Guides 2004 p.220"/> and the post-modern bookcase by Ettore Sottsass, inspired by [[Bob Dylan]]'s song "[[Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again]]".<ref name="Insight Guides 2004 p.220"/> Today, [[Milan]] and [[Turin]] are the nation's leaders in [[architectural design]] and [[industrial design]]. The city of Milan hosts [[Fiera Milano]], Europe's largest design fair.<ref name="wiley.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470026839.html |title=Design City Milan |publisher=Wiley |accessdate=3 January 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206052654/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470026839.html |archivedate=6 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Milan also hosts major design and architecture-related events and venues, such as the "''Fuori Salone''" and the [[Salone del Mobile]], and has been home to the designers [[Bruno Munari]], [[Lucio Fontana]], [[Enrico Castellani]] and [[Piero Manzoni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/milan_turin |title=Frieze Magazine – Archive – Milan and Turin |publisher=Frieze |accessdate=3 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110123141/http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/milan_turin |archivedate=10 January 2010 |df= }}</ref>
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Italian cuisine}}
[[File:Italian food.JPG|thumb|Some of the most popular Italian foods: [[pizza]] ([[Pizza Margherita|Margherita]]), [[pasta]] ([[Carbonara]]), [[espresso]], and [[gelato]]]]
The Italian [[cuisine]] has developed through centuries of social and political changes, with [[Ancient Roman cuisine|roots]] as far back as the 4th century BC. Italian cuisine in itself takes heavy influences, including [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]], [[Ancient Greek cuisine|ancient Greek]], [[Ancient Roman cuisine|ancient Roman]], [[Byzantine cuisine|Byzantine]], and [[Jewish cuisine|Jewish]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inmamaskitchen.com/ITALIAN_COOKING/rome_Lazio/Rome_LAZIO.html |title=Italian Cooking: History of Food and Cooking in Rome and Lazio Region, Papal Influence, Jewish Influence, The Essence of Roman Italian Cooking |publisher=Inmamaskitchen.com |date= |accessdate=24 April 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410100532/http://www.inmamaskitchen.com/ITALIAN_COOKING/rome_Lazio/Rome_LAZIO.html |archivedate=10 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Significant changes occurred with the discovery of the [[New World]] with the introduction of items such as [[potato]]es, [[tomato]]es, [[bell pepper]]s and [[maize]], now central to the cuisine but not introduced in quantity until the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epicurean.com/articles/making-of-italian-food.html |title=The Making of Italian Food...From the Beginning |publisher=Epicurean.com |date= |accessdate=24 April 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327080045/http://www.epicurean.com/articles/making-of-italian-food.html |archivedate=27 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>Del Conte, 11–21.</ref> Italian cuisine is noted for its regional diversity,<ref>{{cite web |author=Related Articles |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/718430/Italian-cuisine |title=Italian cuisine – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date=2 January 2009 |accessdate=24 April 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716014306/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/718430/Italian-cuisine |archivedate=16 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indigoguide.com/italy/food.htm |title=Italian Food – Italy's Regional Dishes & Cuisine |publisher=Indigoguide.com |date= |accessdate=24 April 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102020059/http://www.indigoguide.com/italy/food.htm |archivedate=2 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rusticocooking.com/regions.htm |title=Regional Italian Cuisine |publisher=Rusticocooking.com |date= |accessdate=24 April 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410072851/http://www.rusticocooking.com/regions.htm |archivedate=10 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> abundance of difference in taste, and is known to be one of the most popular in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/worlds-best-food-cultures-453528 |title=Which country has the best food? |publisher=CNN |date=6 January 2013 |accessdate=14 October 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629071154/http://travel.cnn.com/explorations/eat/worlds-best-food-cultures-453528 |archivedate=29 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> wielding strong influence abroad.<ref>{{cite web |last=Freeman |first=Nancy |url=http://www.sallybernstein.com/food/cuisines/us/ |title=American Food, Cuisine |publisher=Sallybernstein.com |date=2 March 2007 |accessdate=24 April 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418064119/http://sallybernstein.com/food/cuisines/us/ |archivedate=18 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
The [[Mediterranean diet]] forms the basis of Italian cuisine, rich in [[pasta]], fish, fruits and vegetables and characterised by its extreme simplicity and variety, with many dishes having only four to eight ingredients.<ref>The Silver Spoon {{ISBN|88-7212-223-6}}, 1997 ed.</ref> Italian cooks rely chiefly on the quality of the ingredients rather than on elaborate preparation.<ref>Mario Batali Simple Italian Food: Recipes from My Two Villages (1998), {{ISBN|0-609-60300-0}}</ref> Dishes and recipes are often derivatives from local and familial tradition rather than created by [[chef]]s, so many recipes are ideally suited for [[home cooking]], this being one of the main reasons behind the ever-increasing worldwide popularity of Italian cuisine, from America<ref>{{cite web|title=Most Americans Have Dined Outin the Past Month and, Among Type of Cuisine, American Food is Tops Followed by Italian|url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/HarrisPoll18-DiningOut_4-3-13.pdf|publisher=[[Harris Insights & Analytics|Harris interactive]]|accessdate=31 August 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520205539/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/vault/HarrisPoll18-DiningOut_4-3-13.pdf|archivedate=20 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> to Asia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kazmin|first=Amy|title=A taste for Italian in New Delhi|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7ab87234-9214-11e2-851f-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2dZCeLdLg|accessdate=31 August 2013|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=26 March 2013}}</ref> Ingredients and dishes vary widely by [[Regions of Italy|region]].
A key factor in the success of Italian cuisine is its heavy reliance on traditional products; Italy has the most [[List of Italian products with protected designation of origin|traditional specialities]] protected under [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union|EU law]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Keane|first=John|title=Italy leads the way with protected products under EU schemes|url=http://www.bordbia.ie/industryservices/information/alerts/Pages/ItalyleadsthewaywithprotectedproductsunderEUschemes.aspx|publisher=[[Bord Bia]]|accessdate=5 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329075250/http://www.bordbia.ie/industryservices/information/alerts/Pages/ItalyleadsthewaywithprotectedproductsunderEUschemes.aspx|archivedate=29 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[List of Italian cheeses|Cheese]], [[salumi|cold cuts]] and [[Italian wine|wine]] are a major part of Italian cuisine, with many regional declinations and [[Protected Designation of Origin]] or [[Protected Geographical Indication]] labels, and along with [[coffee]] (especially [[espresso]]) make up a very important part of the Italian [[gastronomic]] culture.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marshall|first=Lee|title=Italian coffee culture: a guide|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/italy/6246202/Italian-coffee-culture-a-guide.html|accessdate=5 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 September 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010212148/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/italy/6246202/Italian-coffee-culture-a-guide.html|archivedate=10 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Desserts have a long tradition of merging local flavours such as [[citrus fruits]], [[pistachio]] and [[almonds]] with sweet cheeses like [[mascarpone]] and [[ricotta]] or exotic tastes as cocoa, vanilla and cinnamon. [[Gelato]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Jewkes|first=Stephen|title=World's first museum about gelato culture opens in Italy|url=http://www.timescolonist.com/life/travel/world-s-first-museum-about-gelato-culture-opens-in-italy-1.15866|accessdate=5 September 2013|newspaper=[[Times Colonist]]|date=13 October 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062518/http://www.timescolonist.com/life/travel/world-s-first-museum-about-gelato-culture-opens-in-italy-1.15866|archivedate=16 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[tiramisù]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Squires|first=Nick|title=Tiramisu claimed by Treviso|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/10261930/Tiramisu-claimed-by-Treviso.html|accessdate=5 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=23 August 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829091009/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/10261930/Tiramisu-claimed-by-Treviso.html|archivedate=29 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[cassata]] are among the most famous examples of Italian desserts, cakes and patisserie.
===Public holidays and festivals===
{{Main|Public holidays in Italy|Italian festivals}}
[[File:65th venice film festival.jpg|thumb|The [[Venice Film Festival]] is the oldest film festival in the world and one of the "[[Film festival#Notable festivals|Big Three]]" alongside [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] and [[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin]].<ref name=VeniceFilmFest>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770|title=Venice: David Gordon Green's 'Manglehorn,' Abel Ferrara's 'Pasolini' in Competition Lineup|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|last=Anderson|first=Ariston|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218220740/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770|archivedate=18 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3291348/addio-lido-last-postcards-from-the-venice-film-festival/|title=Addio, Lido: Last Postcards from the Venice Film Festival|work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920162423/http://time.com/3291348/addio-lido-last-postcards-from-the-venice-film-festival/|archivedate=20 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]
Public holidays celebrated in Italy include religious, national and regional observances.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festività nazionali in Italia|url=http://www.amblondra.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Londra/Menu/In_linea_con_utente/Domande_frequenti/altro.htm|publisher=Italian Embassy in London|accessdate=15 April 2012|language=Italian|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624220055/http://www.amblondra.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Londra/Menu/In_linea_con_utente/Domande_frequenti/altro.htm|archivedate=24 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Italy's National Day, the ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]'' (''Republic Day'') is celebrated on 2 June each year, and commemorates the [[Italian institutional referendum, 1946|birth of the Italian Republic]] in 1946.
The [[Saint Lucy's Day#Italy|Saint Lucy's Day]], which take place on 13 December, is very popular among children in some Italian regions, where she plays a role similar to Santa Claus.<ref name=alio>[http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art333.htm Alio, Jacqueline. "Saint Lucy – Sicily's Most Famous Woman", ''Best of Sicily Magazine'', 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015021932/http://bestofsicily.com/mag/art333.htm |date=15 October 2012 }}</ref> In addition, the [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]] in Italy is associated with the [[Italian folklore|folkloristic]] figure of the [[Befana]], a broomstick-riding old woman who, in the night between 5 and 6 January, bringing good children gifts and sweets, and bad ones charcoal or bags of ashes.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Christian|title=Traditional Festivals|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576070895|page=144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA144|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> The [[Assumption of Mary]] coincides with ''[[Ferragosto]]'' on 15 August, the summer vacation period which may be a long weekend or most of the month.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Jonathan Boardman
| first =
| title = Rome: A Cultural and Literary Companion
| trans-title =
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=VHAUAQAAIAAJ
| format = Google Books
| publisher = Signal Books
| location = University of California
| isbn = 978-1902669151
| page =219
| year = 2000
}}</ref> Each city or town also celebrates a public holiday on the occasion of the festival of the local patron saint, for example: Rome on 29 June ([[Feast of Saints Peter and Paul|Saints Peter and Paul]]) and Milan on 7 December ([[Ambrose|S. Ambrose]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Festività nazionali in Italia|url=http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/giornate.html|publisher=Governo Italiano – Dipartimento per il Cerimoniale dello Stato|accessdate=25 April 2013|language=Italian|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522221028/http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/giornate.html|archivedate=22 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
There are many festivals and festivities in Italy. Some of them include the [[Palio di Siena]] horse race, [[Holy Week#Italy|Holy Week]] rites, [[Saracen Joust]] of Arezzo, [[Saint Ubaldo Day]] in Gubbio, [[Giostra della Quintana]] in Foligno, and the [[Calcio Fiorentino]]. In 2013, [[UNESCO]] has included among the [[intangible cultural heritage]] some Italian festivals and [[paso]]s, such as the [[Varia di Palmi]], the [[Macchina di Santa Rosa]] in [[Viterbo]], the Festa dei Gigli in [[Nola]], and ''faradda di li candareri'' in [[Sassari]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Celebrations of big shoulder-borne processional structures|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00721|publisher=UNESCO.org|accessdate=29 November 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122708/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN|archivedate=13 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Other festivals include the [[Carnival in Italy|carnivals]] in [[Carnival of Venice|Venice]], [[Carnival of Viareggio|Viareggio]], [[Carnival of Satriano di Lucania|Satriano di Lucania]], [[Mamoiada]], and [[Ivrea]], mostly known for its [[Battle of the Oranges]]. The prestigious [[Venice International Film Festival]], awarding the "[[Golden Lion]]" and held annually since 1932, is the oldest film festival in the world.<ref name=VeniceFilmFest/>
== మూలాలు ==
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