అడుగు ముద్రలు: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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K.Venkataramana (చర్చ | రచనలు) చి వర్గాలు చేర్చితిని |
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పంక్తి 1:
{{అనువాదం}}
[[Image:Apollo 11 bootprint.jpg|thumb|350px|right|[[Buzz Aldrin]]'s footprint on the [[Moon]].]]
'''అడుగు జాడలు''' లేదా '''పాద ముద్రలు''' (Footprint) మానవుల లేదా [[జంతువు]]ల అడుగులు వేసే పాదాల లేదా డెక్కల [[ముద్ర]]లు. జంతువుల అడుగు జాడల ఆధారంగా [[అడవి]]లో వాటి కదలికల్ని గుర్తించడానికి ఉపయోగిస్తారు. [[నేర పరిశోధన]]లో నేరస్తుల్ని పట్టుకోడానికి పాదాల లేదా వారు ధరించే పాదరక్షల గుర్తుల్ని వివిధ సందర్భాలలో పోలీసులకు తోడ్పడతాయి. ఆసుపత్రిలో పిల్లలు పుట్టిన వెంటనే మారిపోకుండా వారి పాదాల గుర్తుల్ని జన్మ నమోదు చిట్టాలో ముద్రిస్తారు.
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'''Footprints''' (or '''[[wikt:footmark|footmarks]]''') are the impressions or images left behind by a person walking or running. '''Hoofprints''' and '''pawprints''' are those left by animals with [[hoof|hooves]] or [[paw]]s rather than [[foot|feet]], while "'''shoeprints'''" is the specific term for prints made by [[shoe]]s. They may either be indentations in the ground or something placed onto the surface that was stuck to the bottom of the foot. A "[[trackway]]" is set of footprints in soft earth left by a life-form; [[animal tracks]] are the footprints, hoofprints, or pawprints of an animal.
[[Image:Apollo 11 bootprint.jpg|thumb|right|[[Buzz Aldrin]]'s footprint on the [[Moon]].]]
Footprints can be followed when [[tracking (hunting)|tracking]] during a [[hunting|hunt]] or can provide evidence of activities. Some footprints remain unexplained, with several famous stories from [[mythology]] and [[legend]]. Others have provided evidence of prehistoric life and behaviours.
==Footprints in detective work==
[[Image:Shoeprint(scene).JPG|thumb|Footprint left at crime scene.|left]]
The print left behind at a [[crime scene]] can give vital evidence to the perpetrator of the crime. Shoes have many different prints based on the [[Sole (shoe)|sole]] design and the wear that it has received – this can help to identify suspects.<ref>[[BBC News]], 2 March 1998. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/61277.stm Footprints help to track down criminals]". Accessed 28 July 2006.</ref> Photographs or [[casting]]s of footprints can be taken to preserve the finding. [[Forensic footwear evidence|Analysis of footprints and shoeprints]] is a specialist part of [[forensics|forensic science]].
Some detective work is relatively immediate, with criminals being tracked by the footprints they left in the snow leading from the crime scene to their home or hiding place. This is usually reported as a humorous story in news publications.<ref>[[BBC News]], 30 June 2005. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/southern_counties/4637853.stm Vandal caught by his footprints]". Accessed 28 July 2006.</ref><ref>[[BBC News]], 27 April 2006. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/4950614.stm Footprints in snow lead to court]". Accessed 28 July 2006.</ref>
Footprints can also allow the detective to find the approximate height from,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Krishan K, Sharma A |title=Estimation of stature from dimensions of hands and feet in a North Indian population |journal=J Forensic Leg Med |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=327–32 |year=2007 |month=August |pmid=17239650 |doi=10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.10.008 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1353-1131(06)00224-0}}</ref> footprint and shoeprint. The Foot tends to be approximately 15% of the person's average height.<ref name="Krishan K 2008 93–101">{{cite journal |author=Krishan K |title=Estimation of stature from footprint and foot outline dimensions in Gujjars of North India |journal=Forensic Sci. Int. |volume=175 |issue=2-3 |pages=93–101 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=17590549 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.05.014 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379-0738(07)00541-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Krishan K |title=Determination of stature from foot and its segments in a north Indian population |journal=Am J Forensic Med Pathol |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=297–303 |year=2008 |month=December |pmid=19259013 |doi=10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181847dd3 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0195-7910&volume=29&issue=4&spage=297}}</ref> Individualistic characteristics of the footprints like numerous creases, flatfoot character, horizontal and vertical ridges, corns, deformities etc. can help the forensic scientist in cases pertaining to criminal identification.<ref name="Krishan K 2008 93–101"/> In some forensic cases, the need may also arise to estimate body weight from the size of the footprints.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Krishan K |title=Establishing correlation of footprints with body weight—forensic aspects |journal=Forensic Sci. Int. |volume=179 |issue=1 |pages=63–9 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18515026 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.04.015 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379-0738(08)00178-3}}</ref>
Foot prints have been shown to have determine the height and the sex of the individual (External Link 2)
==Ancient footprints==
[[Image:Reproduction of Dinosaur Footprints in Science Museum in Logroño.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A reproduction of dinosaur footprints.]]
Footprints have been preserved as [[fossil]]s and provide evidence of prehistoric life. Known as "[[ichnite]]s", these [[trace fossil]]s can give clues to the behaviour of specific species of [[dinosaur]]. The study of such fossils is known as [[ichnology]] and species known only by such evidence are known as [[ichnotaxon|ichnospecies]]. The ''[[Grallator]]'' is one example of a [[genus]] that has left no fossils other than ichnites.
For example, an international team's discovery of a set of 1.5 million-year-old human ancestor footprints in Ileret, [[Kenya]] has shown the earliest direct evidence of a modern human style of upright walking. The team believe that the prints were probably formed by the species [[Homo erectus]].<ref>[http://newswise.com/articles/view/549430/ Ancient 1.5 Million-Year-Old Footprints Show Earliest Evidence of Modern Foot Anatomy and Walking] Newswise, Retrieved on 3 March 2009.</ref>
===Other footprint findings===
*[[Lark Quarry Conservation Park|Lark Quarry]] - the only known palaeontological record of a [[dinosaur]] [[stampede]].<ref>http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/parks/lark-quarry/index.html [[Queensland]] Parks and Widelife Service: '''Lark Quarry Conservation Park'''</ref>
*[[Siwa Oasis]] – World's oldest hominid footprint discovered, over 3 million years old.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6956902.stm CNN: Human footprint may be oldest ever found]</ref>
*[[Laetoli]] – human footprints from the [[Pliocene]] era (3.7 million years ago) preserved in [[volcanic ash]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wong K |title=Footprints to fill. Flat feet and doubts about makers of the Laetoli Tracks |journal=Sci. Am. |volume=293 |issue=2 |pages=18–9 |year=2005 |month=August |pmid=16053127 |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa004&articleID=0005C9B3-03AE-12D8-BDFD83414B7F0000}}</ref>
*[[Koobi Fora]] – 1.5 million [[hominini|hominin]] footprints in [[Kenya]] showing essentially modern [[bipedalism|bipedal locomotion]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bennett MR, Harris JW, Richmond BG, ''et al.'' |title=Early hominin foot morphology based on 1.5-million-year-old footprints from Ileret, Kenya |journal=Science |volume=323 |issue=5918 |pages=1197–201 |year=2009 |month=February |pmid=19251625 |doi=10.1126/science.1168132 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/323/5918/1197 |bibcode=2009Sci...323.1197B}}</ref>
*[[Ancient footprints of Acahualinca|Acahualinca]] – 2,100 year old human footprints fossilized in volcanic ash and mud in Nicaragua.<ref name="SchminckeOthers2009">{{cite journal |author=Schmincke, H.-U., Kutterolf, S., Perez, J., Rausch, J., Freundt, A., Strauch, W. |title=Walking through volcanic mud: the 2,100 year-old Acahualinca footprints (Nicaragua). I Stratigraphy, lithology, volcanology and age of the Acahualinca section |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=479–93 |year=2008 |doi=10.1007/s00445-008-0235-9 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/f6t36212067t8236/|bibcode = 2008BVol..tmp...48S }}</ref>
*[[Uskmouth]] – human footprints [[carbon dating|carbon dated]] to 4200BC preserved in [[clay]].<ref>Gathering the Jewels. "[http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/item10/8643 Prehistoric footprints, Uskmouth, Glamorgan]". Accessed 28 July 2006.</ref>
*[[Hawaii Volcanoes National Park]] – Footprint impressions found in the Ka’u Desert ash within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.<ref name="Nakamura2009">{{cite journal |author=Nakamura, J.J.M. |title=Hominid Footprints in Recent Volcanic Ash: New Interpretations from Hawaii Volcanoes National Park |journal=Ichnos. |volume=16 |pages=118–123 |year=2009 |doi=10.1080/10420940802471001 |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a907763744~db=all~jumptype=rss}}</ref>
*[[Footprints of Eve]] – the oldest known footprints of an anatomically modern human.<ref name ="eve3">{{cite web|url= http://www.nationalgeographic.com/society/ngo/events/97/footprints/release.html|title= National Geographic press release 08/14/1997 ''Footprints from Dawn of Modern Humans found''|accessdate= 2008-09-08}}</ref>
==Footprints in myth and legend==
[[Image:I piedi del quo vadis.jpg|thumb|One legend states that these impressions, kept in the [[Church of Domine Quo Vadis]], are the footprints of Jesus.]]
The appearance of footprints, or marks interpreted as footprints, have led to numerous myths and legends. Some locations use such imprints as tourist attractions.
Examples of footprints in myth and legend include:
*[[Buddha footprint]] – an [[aniconic]] and symbolic representation of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].<ref>Japanese Buddhist Statuary, 14 January 2005. "[http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/footprints-bussokuseki.html Stone footprints of the Buddha]". Accessed 28 July 2006.</ref>
*[[The Devil's Footprints]] – an unexplained series of hoof-like marks that appeared in [[Devon]], [[England]] on 8 February 1855 after a light snowfall during the night.<ref>MysteriousBritain.co.uk. "[http://www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk/england/devon/other-mysteries/the-devils-footprints.html The Devil's Footprints]". Accessed 28 July 2006.</ref>
*[[Golden calf]] – in [[Islam]] dust from the hoofprints of [[Haizum]], the winged horse of [[archangel]] [[Gabriel]], is used to animate the Golden calf.<ref>"[http://www.novareinna.com/constellation/libraseason.html Libra the Scales]". Accessed 28 July 2006.</ref>
*[[Moso's Footprint]] – a 1m by 3m rock enclosure in [[Samoa]] made when the [[giant (mythology)|giant]] [[Mosuo|Moso]] stepped over to Samoa from [[Fiji]], and the other footprint can be found on [[Viti Levu]], the largest island of Fiji.
*Footprints of [[Bigfoot]], a [[cryptozoology|cryptozoological]] animal, are said to give proof to its existence.
*[[Sri Pada]], or ''Adam's Peak'', a mountain in [[Sri Lanka]], has a large footprint-shaped impression in the rock at its summit, said by various religious adherents to be that of the Buddha, [[Shiva]] or [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]].
*The reputed print of the right foot of [[Jesus]] is preserved in the Mosque of the [[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension]] in [[Jerusalem]].
*A set of [[Jesus]]'s footprints, according to legend, are preserved at the [[Church of Domine Quo Vadis]] outside of [[Rome]].
*A mark in stone of the paving of the [[Munich Frauenkirche]] is known as the ''Teufelstritt'' ("Devil's Footstep").
[[Image:Jack Nicholson footprint.JPG|thumb|left|[[Jack Nicholson]]'s foot and handprints outside [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]].]]
==Footprints in popular culture==
The imagery of footprints has been used in many areas of popular culture. Several poems and songs have been written about them, with the Christian poem ''[[Footprints (poem)|Footprints]]'' being one of the best known.
Prints or impressions of a child's feet can be kept as a memento by parents. Usually this is done using paint. The impressions of [[celebrity]]'s feet, usually in [[concrete]], may be kept in a collection such as that outside [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]].
== See also ==
* [[Ecological footprint]]
* [[Footstep (disambiguation)]]
* [[Petrosomatoglyph]]
* [[Fingerprint#Footprints]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite journal |author=Krishan K |title=Individualizing characteristics of footprints in Gujjars of North India—forensic aspects |journal=Forensic Sci. Int. |volume=169 |issue=2-3 |pages=137–44 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=16965880 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.08.006 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379-0738(06)00535-4}}
*{{cite journal |author=Devesh V Oberoi |title=Estimation of Stature and Sex from Foot print length using regression formulae and standard foot print length formula respectively|journal=Journal of Punjab Academy of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology |volume=6 |pages=5–8 |year=2006 |url=http://pafmat.com/2006_1.htm}}
==External links==
{{Commons and category|Footprint|Footprints}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2011}}
[[Category:Foot]]
[[Category:Forensic evidence]]
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