చై లున్

చై లున్ (సరళీకరించిన చైనీస్: 蔡伦; సంప్రదాయ చైనీస్: 蔡倫; పిన్యిన్: Cài Lún; మంచితనపేరు: జింగ్‌ఝాంగ్ (చైనీస్: 敬仲; పిన్యిన్: Jìngzhòng); సుమారు 50–62 – 121 సా.శ.) చైనాలో తూర్పు హాన్ రాజవంశ నపుంసక రాజ్యసభ అధికారి. సంస్కృతి లో, ఆయన ఆధునిక కాగితం, కాగితపు తయారీ కల్పించుడు.

చై లున్
蔡倫 蔡伦
18వ శతాబ్దలో ఒక క్వింగ్ రాజవంశ మరణానంతర చిత్ర
జననం	సుమారు 50–62 సా.శ. గ్వీయంగ్ కమాందేరి, హాన్ సామ్రాజ్యం (ఇప్పుడు లేయాంగ్, హూనన్ ప్రాంతం, చైనా)
మరణం	121 సా.శ. (59–71 వాయూసు) లువోయంగ్, హాన్ సామ్రాజ్యం (ఇప్పుడు లువోయంగ్, హెనన్ ప్రాంతం, చైనా)
వృత్తి	నపుంసక రాజ్యసభ అధికారి రాజ్యసభ స్థానాలు Xiao Huangmen (సుమారు 80–88) Zhongchang shi (88–121) Shangfang Ling (88/89–121)
సుపరిచితుడు/ సుపరిచితురాలు	కాగితం కల్పించుడు

చై లున్
"చై లున్" సంప్రదాయ చైనీస్ లో (top), సరళీకరించిన చైనీస్ లో (bottom)
సంప్రదాయ చైనీస్	蔡倫
సరళీకరించిన చైనీస్	蔡伦
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Cài Lún Gwoyeu Romatzyh Tsay Lun Wade–Giles Ts'ai4 Lun2 IPA [tsʰâɪ lǔn] Wu Suzhounese Tsha Lun Hakka Romanization Tshai Lun Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Choi Lèuhn Jyutping Coi3 Leon4 IPA మూస:IPAc-yue Southern Min Hokkien POJ Chhoà Lûn Tâi-lô Tshuà Lûn Middle Chinese Middle Chinese /t͡sʰɑiH liuɪn/
జింగ్‌ఝాంగ్ (మంచితనపేరు)
సంప్రదాయ చైనీస్	敬仲
సరళీకరించిన చైనీస్	敬仲
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jìngzhòng Wade–Giles Ching4-Chung4

మూలాలు

ఆధార గ్రంథాలు

సమకాలీన

• Dongguan Hanji 東觀漢記 [History of the Eastern Han] (in సాంప్రదాయక చైనీస్). Vol. 20. Compiled by Yan Du (2nd-century).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
• Hou Hanshu 後漢書 [Book of the Later Han] (in సరళీకృత చైనీస్). Vol. 78. Compiled by Fan Ye (5th century).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
• Zizhi Tongjian 資治通鑑 [Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance] (in సరళీకృత చైనీస్). Vol. 49, 50. Compiled by Sima Guang (1084).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

ఆధునిక

పుస్తకాలు

• Bielenstein, Hans (1980). The Bureaucracy of Han Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22510-6.
• Blake, C. Fred (2011). "Chapter 3: Origins". Burning Money: The Material Spirit of the Chinese Lifeworld. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 53–75. ISBN 978-0-8248-6010-3. JSTOR j.ctt6wqgqz.
• Carter, Thomas Francis (1925). The Invention of Printing in China and Its Spread Westward. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-8260-1835-9.
• de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-474-1184-0.
• de Crespigny, Rafe (2016). Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-32520-3.
• Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1996). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-06042-4.
• Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan (2009). A Companion to the History of the Book. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9278-1.
• Eyferth, Jacob (2009). "4: Artisans into Peasants". Eating Rice from Bamboo Roots: The Social History of a Community of Handicraft Papermakers in Rural Sichuan, 1920–2000. Vol. 314. Pittsburgh: Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 92–115. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1x07xz5.10. ISBN 978-0-674-03288-0. JSTOR j.ctt1x07xz5.
• Eyferth, Jacob (2019). "Afterword: Making and Using Paper in Late Imperial China: Comparative Reflections on Working and Knowing beyond the Page". Working with Paper: Gendered Practices in the History of Knowledge. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 208–224. doi:10.2307/j.ctvk8w0tg.18. ISBN 978-0-8229-4559-8. JSTOR j.ctvk8w0tg.
• Hart, Michael H. (2000) [1978]. The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History (2nd ed.). New York: Citadel. ISBN 978-0-8065-1350-8.
• Hunter, Dard; Hunter, Cornell (1978) [1943]. Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft (2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-23619-3.
• Holdstock, Nick (2018). Chasing the Chinese Dream: Stories from Modern China. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78453-373-1.
• Monro, Alexander (2016). The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-96230-0.
• Mu-chou, Poo (2018). Daily Life in Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02117-4.
• Narita, Kiyofusa (1966). Life of Ts'ai Lung and Japanese Paper-Making. Tokyo: Dainihon Press. OCLC 8310445.
• Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin (1962). Written on Bamboo and Silk: The Beginnings of Chinese Books and Inscriptions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 1153461323.
• Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Needham, Joseph (ed.). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing. Taipei: Caves Books. ISBN 978-0-521-08690-5.
• Peterson, Barbara Bennett (2000). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century. New York: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-0504-7.
• Li, Wai-yee; Denecke, Wiebke; Tian, Xiaofei, eds. (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900 CE). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935659-1.
• Wagner, Donald B. (2001). The State and the Iron Industry in Han China. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Publishing. ISBN 978-87-87062-83-1.
• Provisional Urban Council [香港臨時市政局]; Hong Kong Museum of History [中國歷史博物館聯合主辦] (1998). "Zàozhǐ" 造纸 [Papermaking]. Tian gong kai wu: Zhongguo gu dai ke ji wen wu zhan 天工開物 中國古代科技文物展 [Heavenly Creations: Gems of Ancient Chinese Inventions] (in చైనీస్ and ఇంగ్లీష్). Hong Kong: 香港歷史博物館 [Hong Kong Museum of History]. pp. 54–71. ISBN 978-962-7039-37-2. OCLC 41895821.

Journals

• Barrett, T. H. (2011). "The Woman Who Invented Notepaper: Towards a Comparative Historiography of Paper and Print". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 21 (2). Cambridge University Press: 199–210. JSTOR 23011493.
• David, Percival (1935). "The Chinese Exhibition". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 84 (4333). Royal Society of Arts: 111–121. JSTOR 41360618.
• Kern, Martin (2001). "Ritual, Text, and the Formation of the Canon: Historical Transitions of "Wen" in Early China". T'oung Pao. 87. Brill Publishers: 43–91. doi:10.1163/15685320152565349. JSTOR 4528866.

వ్యాసాలు అంతర్జాలలో

• Cartwright, Mark (27 July 2017). "Eunuchs in Ancient China". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
• "Cai Lun | Biography, Paper & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
• 西嶋の『造紙三神像』の掛け軸 [Hanging scroll with the Three Gods of Paper-making, Nishijima] (in జపనీస్). Minobu: Minobu Town Museum of History and Folklore. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
• "Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Cai Lun on Moon". Flagstaff: USGS Astrogeology Science Center. 2 August 2010. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
• "Cai Lun (circa A.D. 50–121)". Time. 2007. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
• Wang, William (23 April 2015). "Cai Lun Paper Culture Museum: A page out of history". China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.