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లినక్స్: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

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విజువల్వికీటెక్స్ట్
ఆంగ్లభాగ తొలగింపు
పంక్తి 54:
{{details|జీ యన్ యూ / లినక్సు పేర్ల వివరణ }}
లినక్సు అనేది ఒక [[కెర్నలు]]మాత్రమే! సాధారణంగా అన్ని డిస్ట్రిబ్యూషనులూ (రెడ్ హ్యాటు, మాండ్రాకు, డెబియన్ వంటివి) లినక్సు కెర్నలుపై జీ యన్ యూ లైబ్రరీలు, అప్లికేషనులు కలిపి ఒక సంపూర్ణ ఆపరేటింగు సిస్టముగా మలచి అందిస్తుంటాయి. ఈ జీ యన్ యూ ప్రాజెక్టు లినక్సు కెర్నలు కన్నా మందే పుట్టిన ఒక ఉచిత సాఫ్ట్వేరు ప్రాజెక్టు! అందుకని ఈ ఆపరేటింగు సిస్టమును "జీ యన్ యూ / లినక్సు " ఆపరేటింగు సిస్టము అని లేదా లినక్సు ఆధారిత జీ యన్ యూ ఆపరేటింగు సిస్టము అని పిలవాలని (అన్ని డిస్ట్రిబ్యూషన్లనూ) [[ఉచిత సాఫ్ట్వేరు ప్రాజెక్టు]] యొక్క [[రిచర్డు స్టాల్ మాన్]] చెపుతుంటారు. కానీ లైనస్ టోర్వాల్డ్స్ మాత్రం జీ యన్ యూ / లినక్సు అని పిలవడం చాలా హాస్యాస్పదం అని అంటూ ఉంటారు. అయినప్పటికీ కొన్ని డిస్ట్రిబ్యూషన్లు మాత్రం ముఖ్యంగా [[డెబియను]] వంటివి జీ యన్ యూ / లినక్సు అని పిలుస్తూ ఉంటాయి. కానీ లినక్సు అనేదే చాలా ప్రచారంలో ఉన్నటువంటి పేరు. ఈ పేర్లపై భేధాభిప్రాయాలు మాత్రం ఇంకా కొనసాగుతూనే ఉన్నాయి మరియూ చాలా వివాదంగా ఉన్నాయి।
 
===వివాదము===
{{details|SCO-Linux controversies[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO-Linux_controversies]}}
 
[[2003]] మార్ఛి లో, the [[SCO Group]] (SCO) filed a [[SCO v. IBM|lawsuit]] against [[IBM]] claiming that IBM had contributed some portions of SCO's copyrighted code to the Linux kernel in violation of IBM's license to use [[Unix]]. Additionally, SCO sent letters to a number of companies warning that their use of Linux without a license from SCO may be actionable, and claimed in the press that they would be suing individual Linux users. This controversy has involved lawsuits by SCO against [[Novell]], [[DaimlerChrysler]] (partially dismissed in [[July]], [[2004]]), and [[AutoZone]], and by [[Red Hat]] and others against SCO.
 
To date, no proof of SCO's claims of copied code in Linux has been provided and SCO's claims have varied widely. A few of Novell's press releases seem to demonstrate serious problems with SCO's claims:
* [http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/2003/06/pr03036.html 2003-May-15] Novell Statement on SCO Contract Amendment (good news for Linux users)
* [http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/2003/05/pr03033.html 2003-May-28] Novell Challenges SCO Position, Reiterates Support for Linux
* [http://www.novell.com/news/press/pressroom/news_brief/archive/2003/05/pr03022.html 2003-May-30] Novell statement re: SCO press conference allegations
* [http://www.novell.com/news/press/archive/2003/06/pr03036.html 2003-Jun-06] Novell Statement on SCO Contract Amendment
* [http://www.novell.com/news/press/pressroom/news_brief/archive/2003/11/pr03042.html 2003-Nov-18] Novell Statement on SCO claims regarding a non-compete clause in Novell-SCO contracts
 
The most comprehensive coverage of this suit is given by [[Groklaw]].
 
==పంపిణీ వ్యవస్థలు==
{{details|లినక్సు పంపిణీ }}
Line 87 ⟶ 72:
[[బిట్ కీపరు]] అనే అప్లికేషను ద్వారా ఈ లినక్సు కెర్నలు సోర్సుకోడును నడిపేవారు, కానీ ఆ అప్లికేషనుతో ఉన్న సమస్యల వల్ల ఇప్పుడు [[గిట్]] అనే అప్లికేషను ద్వారా లైనసు టోర్వాల్డ్సు నేరుగా నడుపుతున్నారు!
 
 
{{అనువాదము}}
 
==ఉపకరణాలు==
Line 94 ⟶ 79:
 
ముందే చెప్పుకున్నట్లు లినక్సు ప్రస్తుతము ఎటువంటి కష్టమైన ఆపరేటింగు సిస్టము కాదు, వివిధ రకాలయిన పంపిణీ సంస్థలు వచ్చి లినక్సు వాడకాన్ని బహు సులభతరము చేసినాయి, ఇది ప్రస్తుతము అన్ని రకాలయిన వినియోగదారులకు అందుబాటులో ఉన్నది. ఈ మధ్య కాలంలో సర్వరు రంగంలోనూ, వెబ్ సర్వీసు రంగంలోనూ, బొమ్మలను మార్పుల చేర్పులు చేయు రంగంలోనూ, చక్కని ప్రతిభ కనపర్చినది. ఇంకా ఎక్కువమంది వినియోగదారులు గల డెస్క్టాపు రంగంవైపు వేగంగా అడుగులు వేస్తుంది.
 
{{clearright}}
[[బొమ్మ:Linux-SuSE-KDE.png|thumb|250px|right|[[కేడీయి]] డెస్క్టాపు]]
Linux is the cornerstone of the so-called [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] server-software combination (Linux, [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]], [[MySQL]], [[Perl]]/[[PHP]]/[[Python programming language|Python]]) that has achieved widespread popularity among Web developers, making it one of the most common platforms on the Web. A prominent example of this software combination in use is [[MediaWiki]] — the software primarily written for [[Wikipedia]].
 
The multi-billion dollar [[video game industry]] will see widespread Linux use with the 2006 launch of the Sony [[PlayStation 3]] [[video game console]] which will run Linux out of the box. Sony has previously released a [[PS2 Linux]] kit for their [[PlayStation 2]] video game console.
 
Linux is also often used in [[Embedded Linux|embedded systems]]. Its low cost makes it particularly useful in [[set-top box]]es and for devices such as the [[Simputer]], a computer aimed mainly at low-income populations in [[developing nation]]s. In [[mobile phone]]s, Linux has become a common alternative to the [[Symbian OS]] software. In [[handheld device]]s, it is an alternative to the [[Windows CE]] and [[Palm OS]] operating systems. The popular [[TiVo]] [[PVR]] also uses a customized version of Linux. A large number of network [[Firewall (networking)|firewalls]] and [[router]]s, including several from [[Linksys]], use Linux internally, taking advantage of its advanced firewalling and routing capabilities. It is also expanding into [[telecommunication]]s equipment through efforts such as [[Carrier Grade Linux]].
 
Linux is increasingly common as an operating system for [[supercomputer]]s, most recently on [[64-bit]] [[AMD]] [[Opteron]]s in the [[Cray XD1]]. As of June 2005, the 3 fastest supercomputers in the world (as recorded by the [[Top500]]) run Linux.
 
Linux is rapidly gaining popularity as a desktop operating system. In [[desktop environment]]s like [[GNOME]] and [[KDE]], Linux may be used with a user interface that is similar to that of [[Mac OS]], [[Microsoft Windows]], other desktop environments, and its traditional Unix-like [[command line interface]]. Graphical Linux software exists for almost any area and in some areas there is a greater quality and quantity of software available than for proprietary operating systems.
 
==ఉపయోగించడములో సులువు మరియు మార్కెట్లో భాగము==
ఒకప్పుడు లినక్స్‌ను కంప్యూటర్ [[నిపుణులు]] మాత్రమే ఉపయోగించగలిగినా ఇప్పటి లినక్స్ డిస్ట్రిబ్యూషన్స్ గ్రాఫికల్ ఇంటర్ఫేస్‌తో, ఎన్నో క్రొత్త అప్లికేషన్స్‌తో [[ఉపయోగించడానికి సులువైన]]విగా మారాయి.
 
మార్కెట్లో లినక్స్ డెస్క్‌టాప్ భాగము చాలా వేగముగా పెరుగుతున్నది. మార్కెట్ రిసెర్చ్ కంపెని IDC ప్రకారము 2002లొ 25% సర్వర్లు మరియు 2.8% డెస్క్‌టాప్‌లు లినక్స్ మీద పనిచేస్తున్నాయి. However, argued advantages of Linux, such as lower cost, fewer security vulnerabilities, and lack of [[vendor lock-in]], have spurred a growing number of high-profile cases of mass [[Linux adoption|adoption of Linux]] by corporations and governments. The Linux market is among the fastest growing and is projected to exceed $35.7 billion by [[2008]]{{చూడు|usability1}} .
 
Linux and other free software projects have been frequently criticized for not going far enough in terms of ensuring usability, and Linux was once been considered more difficult to use than [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] or the [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]], although this has changed. Applications running within [[Graphical user interface|graphical]] [[desktop environment]]s such as [[GNOME]] and [[KDE]] in Linux are very similar to those running on other operating systems. While some applications cannot be run, there usually exists a replacement that will, sometimes of better quality. A growing number of proprietary software vendors are supporting Linux, and open source development for Linux is also steadily increasing. Additionally, proprietary software for other operating systems may be run through compatibility layers, such as [[వైన్ (సాఫ్ట్‌వేరు)|వైన్]]. The area of hardware and services configuration is where user experience is most varied. GUI configuration tools and control panels are available for many system settings and services, but editing of plain-text configuration files is often required. On the [[Shell (computing)|command shell]], many usability hangups from early [[Unix]] days generally remain, such as the difficulty in finding some commands, and the inability to [[undo]] many operations such as file deletion. Many older programs with [[text user interface]]s (TUI) have wild inconsistencies between them, but they maintain loyal followings.
 
It used to also be easier to find local technical support for Windows or Mac OS than for Linux in some places. It is worth noting that an operating system's [[usability]] is subjective and dependent on the background knowledge and needs of its users. For example, [[Gentoo Linux]], a [[source-based distribution]], is time-consuming to install, but can be more usable for advanced users than stereotypical beginner-friendly distributions, such as [[Mandriva Linux|Mandriva]] or [[Ubuntu Linux|Ubuntu]].
 
Users might have to switch application software, and there may be fewer options, as in the case of [[computer game]]s. Equivalents of some specific programs may not be available. However, general applications like spreadsheets, word processors, and browsers are available for Linux in profusion.
 
Most distributions of Linux have two or more means of software installation, and more office and end-user applications now come with an automated installation program. Because of reluctance to change and the fact that many computers still come with Microsoft Windows pre-installed, there has been a slow initial adoption of new desktop operating systems. Linux is past that stage now, with numerous manufacturers installing Linux and many organizations having five or more years experience with Linux - since installation evolved to graphical user interfaces - or Unix, which has been around for decades. Linux is rapidly gaining popularity as a desktop operating system as it is increasingly used in schools and workplaces and more people are becoming familiar with it.
 
Support for certain new and obscure hardware remains an issue. Though some vendors provide [[device driver]]s, many device drivers must be developed by volunteers after the release of the product. Often, this development requires [[reverse engineering]] of some sort, as certain manufacturers remain secretive and refuse to provide the hardware or [[firmware]] specifications for their products. Deliberately non-portable hardware drivers like [[Winmodem]]s and [[GDI#GDI_printer|Winprinters]] have been a general problem.
 
There have been conflicting studies of Linux's usability and cost in the past. Microsoft-sponsored studies such as those by [[IDC]] and [[Gartner]] have argued that Linux had a higher [[total cost of ownership]] (TCO) than Windows. However, [[Relevantive]], the renowned [[Berlin]]-based organization specializing in providing consultation to companies on the usability of software and Web services, concluded that the usability of Linux for a set of desktop-related tasks is "equal to [[Windows XP]]." Since then, there have been numerous independent studies that show that a modern Linux desktop using Gnome or KDE is on par with or superior to Microsoft Windows.
 
Linux distributions have been criticized for unpredictable development schedules, thus making enterprise users less comfortable with Linux than they might be with other systems (Marcinkowski, 2003). However, some observers claim that the intervals between Linux distribution releases are no worse, and often better, than the [[project management]] "schedule slipping" that occurs with other operating systems and with software systems in general.
<!-- Is there a wikipedia page that discusses this general Software Engineering phenomena ? -->
The large number of choices of Linux distributions can also confuse users and software vendors.
 
The paper [http://www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html ''Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS)? Look at the Numbers!''] identifies many quantitative studies of open source software, on topics including market share and reliability, with many studies specifically examining Linux.
 
{{Seealso|Windows vs. Linux}}
 
===ప్రతిక్షేపించుట===
{{wikibookspar||లినక్స్ ప్రతిక్షేపించుట}}
In the past, difficulty of installation was a barrier to wide adoption of Linux-based systems, but the process has been made easy in recent years. Many distributions are at least as easy to install as a comparable version of [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. It is unnecessary to file license numbers and enter them during installation. Also, [[personal computer]]s that come with [[Linux distribution]]s already installed are readily available from numerous vendors, including large mainstream vendors like [[Hewlett-Packard]] and [[Dell]].
 
The most common method of installing Linux, supported by all major distributions, is by booting from a [[CD]] that contains the installation program and installable software. Such a CD can be burned from a downloaded [[ISO image]], purchased alone for a low price, or can be obtained as part of a box set that may also include manuals and additional commercial software.
 
Some distributions, such as [[Debian]], can be installed from a small set of [[floppy disk]]s. After a basic system is installed, more software can be added by downloading it from the Internet or using CDs.
 
[[Knoppix]] వంటి ఇతర distributions [[Live CD|CD నుండే సరాసరి]] పనిచేయగలవు. ఇవి [[hard drive]]లో install చేయకుండా [[random access memory|RAM]] నుండే పనిచేయగలవు. దీనిని CD నుండి boot చేసి వాడుకొనవచ్చు. [[hard drive]] కు ఎటువంటి మార్పు జరుగదు. అలాగే, [[tomsrtbt]] వంటి మరికొన్ని చిన్న distributions చాలా తక్కువ స్థలం తీసుకుంటూ hard drive కు ఎటువంటి మార్పు జరుగకుండా Floopy నుండి పనిచేయగలవు.
 
Still another mode of installation of Linux is to install on a powerful computer to use as a server and to use ordinary less powerful machines (perhaps without hard drives, and having less memory and slower CPUs) as clients over the network. Clients can boot over the network from the server and display results and pass information to the server where all the applications run. A Linux Terminal Server is a single machine to which many clients can connect this way, so one obtains the benefit of installing Linux on many machines for the cost of installing on one. The clients can be ordinary PCs with the addition of the network bootloader on a drive or network interface controller. Variations on this mode include using local drives and computing power to run applications. The cost savings achieved by using thin clients can be invested in greater computing power or storage on the server.
 
Many distributions also support booting over a network, so an installation on a properly configured machine can be done remotely.
 
[[Anaconda installer|Anaconda]], one of the more popular installers, is used by [[Red Hat Linux]], [[Fedora Core]] and other distributions to simplify the installation process. It is famous for its ability to automatically [[Partition_(computing)|partition]] a hard drive using the Disk Druid utility.
 
====Installation on an existing platform====
 
Many distribution companies now are sparing no effort to provide users with advanced, easy and specific installations. Some beginners (especially those familiar with Microsoft Windows and Mac OS) may still feel that making the shift can be hard but many solutions have been created to solve this problem.
 
Some let the user install Linux on top of their current system. Consider [[WinLinux]], for example. After downloading the installer (more than 100MB), the user can install Linux just like any other Windows application. The software provides all the needed features; it is a real Linux distribution. The difference is that it is not necessary for the user to leave Windows, since Linux is installed to the Windows hard-disk partition. A Linux boot loader will boot the Linux system when the PC is restarted and the user chooses to boot Linux. Similar approaches include [[coLinux]].
 
Technology of [[virtual machine]]s (such as [[Virtual PC]] or [[VMware]]) also enables Linux to be run inside another OS such as Microsoft Windows. The virtual machine software will simulate an isolated environment onto which the Linux system is installed. After everything is done, the virtual machine can be booted just as if it were an independent computer.
 
===Demonstration===
 
The difficulty in quickly demonstrating Linux on the computer of a potential new user remains still an obstacle, slowing its adoption as a personal computing platform. So-called "live CDs" that simply boot from CD and automatically load the necessary drivers for the user's respective system promise to change that. [[Linux User Groups]] or LUGS, still provide the primary face-to-face forum for demonstration of Linux. Commercial exhibitions provide Linux demonstrations to potential new users, especially corporate buyers. Many commercial distributions are hard to install, but with work, allow someone to re-use an old machine to see what the Linux desktop is like. The approach by [[Knoppix]], which runs Linux directly from a CD without disturbing the PC's hard drive, is probably the most successful demonstration tool to date. [[MEPIS]] also runs from CD like [[Knoppix]] and they both can also be installed onto a PC like any other Linux distribution. [[Ubuntu Linux|Ubuntu]] also has a separate "Live" version of their distribution which runs from CD. The fastest approach is probably that of [[Workspot]], which uses [[Virtual Network Computing|VNC]] to provide a free Linux desktop demo online.
 
===Configuration===
 
Configuration of most system wide settings are stored in a single directory called <code>/etc</code>, while user-specific settings are stored in hidden files in the user's home directory. A few programs use a configuration database instead of files.
 
There are a number of ways to change these settings. The easiest way to do this is by using tools provided by distributions such as [[Debian]]'s [[Debconf (software package)|debconf]], [[Mandriva Linux|Mandriva]]'s Control Center, or [[SUSE]]'s [[YaST]]. Others, like [[Linuxconf]], [[GNOME System Tools|Gnome System Tools]], and [[వెబ్‌మిన్]], are not distribution-specific. There are also many [[command line]] utilities for configuring programs. Since nearly all settings are stored in ordinary [[Binary and text files|text files]] they can be configured by any [[text editor]].
 
===Running Windows applications===
 
There are several ways to run applications written for Microsoft Windows on Linux, with varying levels of success. The popular [[వైన్ (సాఫ్ట్‌వేరు)|వైన్]] software, along with the commercial derivatives [[Crossover Office]] and [[Transgaming Technologies|Transgaming's]] [[Cedega]] create an application [[compatibility layer]] by reimplementing the [[Windows API]] inside of Linux. Many Windows programs run on Linux at approximately the same speed using these programs, and in some cases run faster. Since these programs are written without use of any Microsoft code, they do not require a Windows license. Although compatibility is improving, in many cases week-by-week, applications that make use of non-standard programming practices can experience problems.
 
A similar alternative to running Windows applications inside Linux is to use the proprietary [[Win4Lin]] software, which converts Microsoft's version of the Windows API to run inside Linux rather than reimplementing it from scratch. Since a legal copy of the Microsoft implementation of the Windows API is needed, use of Win4Lin requires a copy of Windows.
 
A third alternative for running Windows applications within Linux is to use a [[virtual machine]] program and run the desired application along with the entire virtual Windows operating system. [[VMware]] is a proprietary hardware virtualisation program that can run Windows in this way with near-perfect functionality, however this approach can carry a considerable speed and performance penalty. Full CPU [[emulator]]s (such as [[QEMU]] or the slower counterpart [[Bochs]]) can be used, though to run a Windows program these emulators will also require a copy of Windows. Aside from the performance difficulties, virtual machine approaches to running Windows applications cannot integrate Windows programs into the Linux desktop, as they must instead run inside the virtual Windows desktop.
 
A fourth alternative is to run the applications on a Windows machine but use remote access software such as [[VNC]] to view it on the Linux desktop. This is a good solution where applications are unable to be migrated, or an item of hardware such as a [[dongle]], custom decoder card, or some USB devices will only run under Windows. At its simplest one or more people needing occasional access to Windows applications can share remote access to a single Windows PC for that purpose using [[VNC]]. In a corporate setting essentially the same can be done using a [[Citrix]] server, [[rdesktop]] to access a Microsoft [[Terminal Services]] server, or with [[NX technology]].
 
===లినక్సు పై ప్రోగ్రామింగు===
లినక్సు నకు చాలా కంపైలర్లు లభిస్తున్నాయి.
"https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/లినక్స్" నుండి వెలికితీశారు