మూస:కార్బన్ మూలకము

కార్బన్, ₀₀C
	Graphite (left) and diamond (right), two allotropes of carbon
కార్బన్
Allotropes	graphite, diamond and more (see Allotropes of carbon)
Appearance	clear (diamond) & black (graphite)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(C)
	[12.0096, 12.0116]; 12.011±0.002 (abridged);
కార్బన్ in the periodic table
	బోరాన్ ← కార్బన్ → నైట్రోజన్
Group	మూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period	period 2
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell	2, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Sublimation point	3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3 ; diamond: 3.515 g/cm3 ; graphite: 2.267 g/cm3
Triple point	4600 K, 10800 kPa
Heat of fusion	117 (graphite) kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	6.155 (diamond); 8.517 (graphite) J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.55
Ionization energies	(more);
Covalent radius	77(sp3), 73(sp2), 69(sp) pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
	Spectral lines of కార్బన్
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	face-centered diamond-cubic ; (diamond, clear)
Speed of sound thin rod	18350 (diamond) m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	0.8 (diamond) µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	900-2300 (diamond); 119-165 (graphite) W/(m⋅K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Young's modulus	1050 (diamond) GPa
Shear modulus	478 (diamond) GPa
Bulk modulus	442 (diamond) GPa
Poisson ratio	0.1 (diamond)
Mohs hardness	10 (diamond); 1-2 (graphite)
CAS Number	7440-44-0
History
Discovery	Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BC)
రసాయన మూలకంగా గుర్తించినవారు	Antoine Lavoisier (1789)
Isotopes of కార్బన్ v; e;
	Template:infobox కార్బన్ isotopes does not exist
	Category: కార్బన్; view; talk; edit; \| references

References

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Carbon". CIAAW. 2009.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
↑ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
↑ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Carbon". CIAAW. 2009.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[CRC-3] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[triple2-4] Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.

[triple3-5] Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.

[6] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.

[7] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.

[8] "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.

[ioffe-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database

[10] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[11] "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.

[12] Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.

[13] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.

[14] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.

[15] "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.

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