మూస:కోబాల్ట్ మూలకము

కోబాల్ట్, ₀₀Co
కోబాల్ట్
Pronunciation	/ˈkoʊbɒlt/ ( listen)
Appearance	hard lustrous gray metal
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Co)
	58.933194±0.000003; 58.933±0.001 (abridged);
కోబాల్ట్ in the periodic table
	ఇనుము ← కోబాల్ట్ → నికెల్
Group	మూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d7 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 15, 2
Physical properties
Color	metallic gray
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1768 K (1495 °C, 2723 °F)
Boiling point	3200 K (2927 °C, 5301 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	8.90 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	8.86 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	16.06 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	377 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.81 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.88
Ionization energies	(more);
Atomic radius	empirical: 125 pm
Covalent radius	126±3 (low spin), 150±7 (high spin) pm
	Spectral lines of కోబాల్ట్
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	4720 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	13.0 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	100 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	62.4 n Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	ferromagnetic
Young's modulus	209 GPa
Shear modulus	75 GPa
Bulk modulus	180 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.31
Mohs hardness	5.0
Vickers hardness	1043 MPa
Brinell hardness	700 MPa
CAS Number	7440-48-4
History
Discovery	Georg Brandt (1732)
Isotopes of కోబాల్ట్ v; e;
	Template:infobox కోబాల్ట్ isotopes does not exist
	Category: కోబాల్ట్; view; talk; edit; \| references

References

↑ "cobalt". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Cobalt". CIAAW. 2017.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1117–1119. ISBN 0080379419.
↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition 1989.

[1] "cobalt". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.

[2] "Standard Atomic Weights: Cobalt". CIAAW. 2017.

[CIAAW2021-3] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[greenwood-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1117–1119. ISBN 0080379419.

[5] Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition 1989.

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