మూస:జెర్మేనియం మూలకము

జెర్మేనియం, ₀₀Ge

జెర్మేనియం
Pronunciation	/dʒɜːrˈmeɪniəm/ ​(jur-MAY-nee-əm)
Appearance	grayish-white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ge)
	72.630±0.008 72.630±0.008 (abridged)
జెర్మేనియం in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn గాలియం ← జెర్మేనియం → ఆర్సెనిక్
Group	మూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period	period 4
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
Boiling point	3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	5.323 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	23.222 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.01
Atomic radius	empirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius	122 pm
Van der Waals radius	211 pm
Spectral lines of జెర్మేనియం
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​face-centered diamond-cubic
Lattice constant	5.658
Speed of sound thin rod	5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	6.0 µm/(m⋅K)
Thermal conductivity	60.2 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	1  Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	Diamagnetic
Young's modulus	103 GPa
Shear modulus	41 GPa
Bulk modulus	75 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.26
Mohs hardness	6.0
CAS Number	7440-56-4
History
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery	Clemens Winkler (1886)
Isotopes of జెర్మేనియం

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.