మూస:Infobox hafnium

హాఫ్నియం, ₀₀Hf

హాఫ్నియం
Pronunciation	/ˈhæfniəm/ ​(HAF-nee-əm)
Appearance	steel gray
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Hf)
	178.486±0.006 178.49±0.01 (abridged)
హాఫ్నియం in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium Zr ↑ Hf ↓ Rf లుటీషియం ← హాఫ్నియం → టాంటాలం
Group	మూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period	period 6
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	2506 K ​(2233 °C, ​4051 °F)
Boiling point	4876 K ​(4603 °C, ​8317 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	13.31 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	12 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	27.2 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	571 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.73 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 2689 2954 3277 3679 4194 4876
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3
Atomic radius	empirical: 159 pm
Covalent radius	175±10 pm
Spectral lines of హాఫ్నియం
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	3010 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	5.9 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	23.0 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	331 n Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Young's modulus	78 GPa
Shear modulus	30 GPa
Bulk modulus	110 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.37
Mohs hardness	5.5
Vickers hardness	1760 MPa
Brinell hardness	1700 MPa
CAS Number	7440-58-6
History
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1869)
Discovery	Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy (1922)
First isolation	Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy (1922)
Isotopes of హాఫ్నియం

References

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