మూస:Infobox thorium

థోరియం, ₀₀Th
థోరియం
Pronunciation	/ˈθɔːriəm/ (THOR-ee-əm)
Appearance	silvery, often with black tarnish
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Th)
	232.0377±0.0004; 232.04±0.01 (abridged);
థోరియం in the periodic table
	ఆక్టీనియం ← థోరియం → ప్రొటాక్టీనియం
Group	మూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period	period 7
Block	f-block
Electron configuration	[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	2115 K (1842 °C, 3348 °F)
Boiling point	5061 K (4788 °C, 8650 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	11.7 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	13.81 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	514 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.230 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−1, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3
Atomic radius	empirical: 179 pm
Covalent radius	206±6 pm
	Spectral lines of థోరియం
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	face-centered cubic (fcc)
Speed of sound thin rod	2490 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	11.0 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	54.0 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	147 n Ω⋅m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Young's modulus	79 GPa
Shear modulus	31 GPa
Bulk modulus	54 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.27
Mohs hardness	3.0
Vickers hardness	350 MPa
Brinell hardness	400 MPa
CAS Number	7440-29-1
History
Discovery	Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1829)
Isotopes of థోరియం v; e;
	Template:infobox థోరియం isotopes does not exist
	Category: థోరియం; view; talk; edit; \| references

References

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Thorium". CIAAW. 2013.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see Chaoxian, Chi; Sudip, Pan; Jiaye, Jin; Luyan, Meng; Mingbiao, Luo; Lili, Zhao; Mingfei, Zhou; Gernot, Frenking (2019). "Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)₈]^+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding". Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784. 25 (50): 11772–11784. doi:10.1002/chem.201902625. ISSN 0947-6539. PMC 6772027. PMID 31276242.
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Thorium". CIAAW. 2013.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[Th(-1),_U(-1)-3] Th(-I) and U(-I) have been detected in the gas phase as octacarbonyl anions; see Chaoxian, Chi; Sudip, Pan; Jiaye, Jin; Luyan, Meng; Mingbiao, Luo; Lili, Zhao; Mingfei, Zhou; Gernot, Frenking (2019). "Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)₈]^+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding". Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 25 (50): 11772–11784. 25 (50): 11772–11784. doi:10.1002/chem.201902625. ISSN 0947-6539. PMC 6772027. PMID 31276242.

[magnet-4] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

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