మూస:గాలియం మూలకము

గాలియం, ₀₀Ga
గాలియం
Pronunciation	/ˈɡæliəm/ (GAL-ee-əm)
Appearance	silver-white
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ga)
	69.723±0.001; 69.723±0.001 (abridged);
గాలియం in the periodic table
	జింక్ ← గాలియం → జెర్మేనియం
Group	మూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period	period 4
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 3
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	302.9146 K (29.7646 °C, 85.5763 °F)
Boiling point	2477 K (2204 °C, 3999 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	5.91 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	6.095 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	5.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	254 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.86 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−5, −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.81
Ionization energies	(more);
Atomic radius	empirical: 135 pm
Covalent radius	122±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	187 pm
	Spectral lines of గాలియం
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	orthorhombic
Speed of sound thin rod	2740 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	18 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	40.6 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	270 n Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Young's modulus	9.8 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.47
Mohs hardness	1.5
Brinell hardness	60 MPa
CAS Number	7440-55-3
History
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery	Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
First isolation	Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
Isotopes of గాలియం v; e;
	Template:infobox గాలియం isotopes does not exist
	Category: గాలియం; view; talk; edit; \| references

References

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Gallium". CIAAW. 1987.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)_x(Si,Ge)_1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in జర్మన్). 66b: 1107–1121.
↑ Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (Thesis) (in జర్మన్). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Gallium". CIAAW. 1987.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[3] Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see Dürr, Ines; Bauer, Britta; Röhr, Caroline (2011). "Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)_x(Si,Ge)_1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. (in జర్మన్). 66b: 1107–1121.

[4] Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (Thesis) (in జర్మన్). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. hdl:20.500.11850/143357. ISBN 978-3728125972.

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