మూస:సిలికాన్ మూలకము

సిలికాన్, ₀₀Si
సిలికాన్
Pronunciation	/ˈsɪlɪkən/; (SIL-ə-kən); /ˈsɪləkɒn/; (SIL-ə-kon);
Allotropes	see Allotropes of silicon
Appearance	crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Si)
	[28.084, 28.086]; 28.085±0.001 (abridged);
సిలికాన్ in the periodic table
	అల్యూమినియం ← సిలికాన్ → ఫాస్ఫరస్
Group	మూస:Infobox element/symbol-to-group/format
Period	period 3
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2 3p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1687 K (1414 °C, 2577 °F)
Boiling point	3538 K (3265 °C, 5909 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	2.3290 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	2.57 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	50.21 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	359 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	19.789 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
Ionization energies	(more);
Atomic radius	empirical: 111 pm
Covalent radius	111 pm
Van der Waals radius	210 pm
	Spectral lines of సిలికాన్
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	face-centered diamond-cubic
Speed of sound thin rod	8433 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	2.6 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	149 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	103 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Young's modulus	130-188 GPa
Shear modulus	51-80 GPa
Bulk modulus	97.6 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.064 - 0.28
Mohs hardness	7
CAS Number	7440-21-3
History
Prediction	Antoine Lavoisier (1787)
Discovery	Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1823)
First isolation	Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1823)
Named by	Thomas Thomson (1817)
Isotopes of సిలికాన్ v; e;
	Template:infobox సిలికాన్ isotopes does not exist
	Category: సిలికాన్; view; talk; edit; \| references

References

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: Silicon". CIAAW. 2009.
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
↑ Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1998.7582. PMID 9668026.
↑ Physical Properties of Silicon. New Semiconductor Materials. Characteristics and Properties. Ioffe Institute
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 [1] Hopcroft, "What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?" IEEE Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 2010
↑ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: XII. Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: beryllium, boron, silicon, and aluminum". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (8): 1386–1412. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1386W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1386.
↑ Voronkov, M. G. (2007). "Silicon era". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 80 (12): 2190. doi:10.1134/S1070427207120397.
↑ Ram, R. S. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190: 341–352. PMID 9668026.

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: Silicon". CIAAW. 2009.

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; et al. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry (in ఇంగ్లీష్). doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[ZeroValentTin-3] "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.

[4] Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1998.7582. PMID 9668026.

[ioffe-5] Physical Properties of Silicon. New Semiconductor Materials. Characteristics and Properties. Ioffe Institute

[6] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[hopcroft-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 [1] Hopcroft, "What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?" IEEE Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 2010

[8] Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: XII. Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: beryllium, boron, silicon, and aluminum". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (8): 1386–1412. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1386W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1386.

[9] Voronkov, M. G. (2007). "Silicon era". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 80 (12): 2190. doi:10.1134/S1070427207120397.

[10] Ram, R. S. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190: 341–352. PMID 9668026.

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